Han Jianye: From the Warring States to the Han Dynasty, "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" were mentioned in different ways. According to the textual research of Mr. Gu Jiegang and Mr. Liu, there are at least six kinds of "Huang San", the first one is Suirenshi, Fuxi and Shennong, and the others are Nuwa, Zhu Rong and Gonggong. The word "Huang San" only appeared at the end of the Warring States Period, and the specific candidate was only in the Han Dynasty. It's hard to say how much historical basis there is. Of course, Sima Qian knew what Huang San said, but he probably didn't believe it, so he didn't write any records about Huang San. Records of Historical Records are only recorded by the Five Emperors at the earliest. The word "Five Emperors" only appeared at the end of the Warring States Period. There are seven theories of the Five Emperors, the most representative of which are Huangdi, Zhuan Xu (Levin), Di Ku (Gao Xin), Tang Yao and Yu Shun in Historical Records. Yan Di, Chiyou, Shao Hao, Tai Hao, Zhu Rong, Gong Gong and Yao Shun, contemporary of the Yellow Emperor, are also legendary celebrities. We can classify them as the "Five Emperors Era". Huangdi, Chiyou, etc. It may be the names of tribes of both sides and some heroes, especially Yao, Shun and Yu. In ancient times, clan names, place names and chiefs were often the same. Reporter: There were no words in ancient times, and history mainly depended on word of mouth. In the case that the "legends" of Huangdi, Yan Di and Chiyou have been deeply rooted in people's hearts for thousands of years, today we use archaeological culturology to confirm them. What is the theoretical basis? Han Jianye: Prehistoric archaeological materials have been buried underground for a long time, and there is no possibility of artificial tampering, addition or deletion. Its objective authenticity is beyond doubt, and it is the most reliable frame of reference for legendary historical materials. After nearly a century of hard archaeological work, the internal logical sequence and main contents of this frame of reference have been gradually interpreted, and the cultural pedigree of prehistoric archaeology in China has been basically established. If the "Five Emperors Era" really exists, then the remains of clan groups at that time and their temporal and spatial framework should also be basically discovered. It can be said that there are actually two ancient history systems, one is legendary historical materials and the other is prehistoric archaeological materials. Therefore, an effective method is urgently needed to prove and explain each other. What we are doing now is archaeological exploration in the era of the Five Emperors. In terms of methods, besides the combination of distance and point, we should pay special attention to two points: one is the archaeological reflection of war conflict, and the other is the archaeological reflection of tribal group migration. Fierce war may cause great changes in culture, and the migration of tribal groups may cause obvious changes in cultural pattern, which are often associated with war and easy to attract attention and distinguish. With the major changes in archaeological culture to confirm the legendary important war or migration events, and thus establish some basic points, and further explore other details, we can roughly grasp the basic context of the ancient history of China in the Five Emperors era. The developed Yangshao Miaogou type was created by Huangdi nationality, which had a great influence on the development of ancient civilization in China and laid the cultural foundation of "early China". Reporter: So, what kind of culture does the Huangdi culture correspond to in archaeological discoveries? How to confirm? Han Jianye: Exploring the culture of the Yellow Emperor needs to be based on the recognition of Xia culture, which is based on the recognition of Shang and Zhou cultures. Due to the archaeological discovery in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the culture of Shang and Zhou Dynasties has been completely confirmed. Based on this, it is found that Erlitou culture with western Henan as its distribution center belongs to Xia culture as a whole. Archaeological tracing shows that its formation is mainly the result of the eastward movement of Miaodigou type II centered on southwest Shanxi (including Lingbao and Shanxian areas on the south bank of the Yellow River). We focus on the cultural changes in southern Shanxi and western Henan, and find that around 2600 BC (the early Longshan period in archaeology), the Taosi type containing a large number of oriental factors such as Dawenkou culture and Liangzhu culture replaced the Miaodigou type in Linfen Basin. By about 2200 BC (the turn of the early and late Longshan period), the type of Taosi was replaced by the late type of Taosi, which contained a lot of cultural factors of Laohushan. The two major changes before and after should correspond to the events of Tao Tang's conquest of Xixia ("Tang Dynasty's conquest of Xixia") and Hou Ji's exile of Danzhu ("Ji Fang Danzhu") recorded in the pre-Qin documents in southwest Shanxi. This not only confirmed Tang Tao culture, but also traced the origin of Xia culture back to the second stage of Miaodigou. Looking back, we will find that the earlier source of western Henan culture in southern Shanxi is the Miaodigou type in the second phase of Yangshao culture (3500 ~ 3000 BC), which coincides with the situation that the Yellow Emperor centered on southwestern Shanxi and Jizhou and took Shanxi as the fundamental. It is worth noting that large settlements with an area of nearly one million square meters, such as Beiyang, were found in the Lingbao Zhuding Plateau in Henan Province, which is separated from the southwest of Shanxi Province by a river, which is in sharp contrast with the average settlement of tens of thousands of square meters in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins at that time, adding strong evidence to the statement that the Yellow Emperor centered on the southwest of Shanxi Province (and its vicinity). From this, we can know that there is a close relationship between Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu. Reporter: So, from the archaeological point of view, how did the types of temple ditch form and develop? Han Jianye: Around 4800 BC, the prehistoric culture in China completed the transition from the middle to the late Neolithic period, and Yangshao culture was formed in the Central Plains. By about 4200 BC, on the basis of the collision and fusion of Banpo type and Xiawanggang type of Yangshao culture, a unique Dongzhuang type was formed in southern Shanxi and western Henan. Around 4000 BC, Dongzhuang type developed into Miaodigou type, and its strength was further enhanced, which significantly increased its influence on other areas of Yangshao culture. Even the distribution area of the original Hougang type at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain has been included in the sphere of influence of Miaodigou type. Yangshao culture at this time is actually similar to a state of "pan-Miao bottom ditch type". Although it can be divided into several types, their commonness is not comparable to other periods. Reporter: So, what are the characteristics of Miaodigou as the "Yellow Emperor" tribe? Have you entered a civilized society? What contribution have you made to Chinese civilization? Han Jianye: Miaodigou type is based on developed millet farming. Petal patterns (dots, hooked leaves, triangular patterns, which Mr. Su associates with the word "Hua") are popular, and pottery bottles with small mouths and sharp bottoms (which Mr. Su calls "you" bottles, which have special functions) are popular. There is a custom of worshipping birds (phoenixes), with simple tombs and few funerary objects. This solution has been clearly distinguished. Judging from the central settlement of Lingbao 1 10,000 square meters and the "palace-style" houses of more than 200 square meters, at that time, there had been obvious social differentiation and a step towards a civilized society, but it could not be said that it had entered a civilized society. Yangshao culture, which was unprecedentedly unified and extremely powerful in Miaodigou period, had its typical factors, such as dots, hooked leaves and triangular patterns, which were found in Hongshan Culture, Dawenkou, Songze and Daxi cultures during the same period of archaeological discovery, indicating that its influence extended westward to eastern Qinghai, northward to Yanshan, eastward to Haidai, southeast to Jianghuai and south to Jiangxiang. This is similar to the scope of activities of the Yellow Emperor in Historical Records! This process not only brought the Central Plains culture to a new level of development, but also promoted the development of the surrounding areas, objectively strengthened the cultural unity of the Central Plains and even most parts of China, greatly enhanced the cultural identity of most parts of China, contributed to the final formation of a wider "China Interactive Circle" and laid the cultural foundation of "Early China" with "Yellow Emperor" and its culture as the common cognitive core. It can be said that the core position of Central Plains culture in Miaodigou period is beyond doubt. Legend has it that the Yellow Emperor and his tribe made great contributions to Chinese civilization, and various elements of civilization were formed at that time. In Historical Records, there is a record that "the Yellow Emperor picked bronze from the first mountain and cast a tripod in Jingshan". In fact, there was a pottery tripod in the Miaodigou style. At that time, it was entirely possible to forge bronzes (there were earlier bronzes in Jiangzhai, Lintong, Shaanxi), but it may not have the technology of casting ding. The earliest tripod that can be cast in archaeology was in the late Xia Dynasty, that is, the Erlitou culture period, with an interval of more than 1000 years. As far as chronicles are concerned, there is a saying that "Cang Xie wrote books", and some people say that Cang Xie was the minister of the Yellow Emperor. The fact is that although a considerable number of carved symbols have been found in Yangshao culture, they are not necessarily words. China's earliest mature writing is Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, which should have been produced in Longshan period (Yaoshun period), which is hundreds of years different from Miaodigou type. It can be said that the Yellow Emperor, as our "ancestor of mankind", has made great contributions to Chinese civilization. The battle of Zhuolu established the dominant position of Huaxia Group represented by Yangshao culture, made Yanhuang and Central Plains become the cognitive core of ancient China, and laid the basic pattern of pluralistic integration of ancient China civilization. Reporter: Yan Di is also the ancestor of our Chinese nation, so which archaeological culture corresponds to the Yan Di tribe? Han Jianye: Many records say that Yan Di flourished before the Yellow Emperor, so its early cultural remains should be earlier than the Miaodigou type. Mr. Xu's textual research shows that the central area of the tribe is in Baoji area in the upper reaches of Weihe River, which happens to be the birthplace of the first phase of Yangshao culture. Therefore, there may be a corresponding relationship between Yan Di and Banpo types. Banpo type has entered the late Neolithic age (about 5000 ~ 4000 BC), and the internal structure of the settlement is orderly, reflecting the strengthening of social management functions, but the polarization between the rich and the poor is not very obvious. At the same time, it has a strong impact on the surrounding areas. More importantly, Banpo type suddenly declined around 4300 BC and was replaced by Dongzhuang type (the predecessor of Miaodigou) with strong "historian type" color, which may be related to the "Hanquan War" of Yanhuang, and the Yellow Emperor culture had a great influence on Yanhuang culture. Generally speaking, we say that Banpo type may belong to the culture created by Yan Di tribes, and the study of Banpo type is the key to the history of Yan Di. Reporter: We often say that "Yan and Huang are of the same origin". Is this based on archaeology? Han Jianye: "Mandarin Today" records: "In the past, Shaodian married a surname and gave birth to Huangdi and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Success is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline and the Yan Emperor is the ginger. " This is the most important record about the origin of Yandi and Huangdi. It can be seen that the two are homologous. Archaeologically, the Dongzhuang type, represented by Yangshao remains in Dongzhuang village of Ruicheng, is between Banpo type and Miaodigou type. In fact, it is the result of the half-slope eastward movement and the integration of local culture in southern Shanxi. Mr Yan Wenming called it a Kanto variety of Banpo type. This can show that Yan and Huang are of the same origin, and the prosperous times are different sooner or later. Reporter: Yan Di, also known as "Shennong", is regarded as the ancestor of agriculture in China and the inventor of various crops. So, what contribution have Yan Di tribes made to Chinese civilization? Han Jianye: In the pre-Qin literature, there is no record of linking Emperor Yan with Shennong and Lieshan. The title of "Yan Di Shennong" appeared after the Han and Jin Dynasties. It should be said that the emergence of agriculture can not be completed by one person or even a generation, it needs a long period of experience accumulation, and its formation process is long. Rice cultivation in China has a history of more than 10,000 years, and the invention of millet and millet has a history of 89,000 years, both of which are far earlier than the Yan Emperor's era. However, Yan Di and Yan Di tribes may be important promoters of dry farming development in China. Banpo type has a large number of agricultural tools such as stone claw sickle, pottery claw sickle and stone shovel, which reflects the development of agriculture, and this is also the premise of its orderly settlement, clean and comfortable houses and exquisite pottery. Perhaps it is because of Yan Di's special contribution to the development of agricultural production that his deeds about agriculture will be praised by generations, and later he was named "Shennong". In addition, the mysterious concept contained in Banpo painted pottery and the centripetal settlement pattern, especially the role played in the formation of Yangshao cultural community, have made important contributions to the development of Chinese civilization. Reporter: When we mention Chiyou, Yan Di and Huangdi, we will immediately think of the "Battle of Zhuolu". When writing history books in ancient times, we will definitely focus on the "Battle of Zhuolu". It seems that this battle has a very important influence in the history of China. Han Jianye: Yes, the battle of Zhuolu was the most important event in the Yanhuang period, and it was a concentrated expression of the sharp contradictions among the tribes in the Yellow River basin at that time. At that time, there were actually three groups in the Yellow River Basin, namely Huaxia Group represented by Yan Di and Huangdi in the west, Li Miao Group represented by Chiyou in the middle and Dongyi Group represented by Shao Hao in the east. At first, Yan Di and Chiyou were probably the most prosperous. Emperor Yan expanded from west to east, Chiyou expanded from east to west, and finally joined forces near Zhuolu, Hebei Province, where fierce conflicts occurred, and Chiyou was temporarily in an advantage. However, the Huangdi clan, which rose after Emperor Yan, was powerful, and joined forces with Emperor Yan and Chiyou to meet again in Zhuolu, and finally won a decisive victory. The failed li miao Group was forced to relocate. Dongyi Group, which is at arm's length with li miao Group, has to obey Huaxia Group temporarily. The society in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins has entered a relatively peaceful and stable period. It can be said that the "Battle of Deer" laid the basic pattern of China at the beginning of 4000 BC. Of course, the struggle and exchanges between the three groups have been going on. During the period of Yao, Shun and Yu, events such as the Tang Dynasty's conquest of Xixia, Dani in Ji Fang and Three Miao in JUNG WOO occurred, which formed the main line of the formation and development of Chinese civilization. By about 2200 BC, after the "Three Miaos in JUNG WOO" incident, with the decline of li miao Group, China history also entered a mature civilization era-Xia Dynasty. It can be said that the three ethnic groups in ancient China made great contributions to the development of China civilization, and on this basis, they gradually merged to form the main body of the Chinese nation-the Han nationality. Reporter: How is such a major historical event reflected in archaeology? Now we combine archaeology with literary legends to re-examine the origin and development of Chinese civilization. What is the process? Han Jianye: Today, with the progress of archaeological discoveries and research, the true faces of the three major groups have gradually surfaced from the fog of historical legends. We believe that the Banpo type and Miaodigou type of Yangshao culture belong to Yanhuang Huaxia Group culture, the Hougang type of Yangshao culture distributed in Hebei belongs to Chiyou Li Miao Group culture, and Dawenkou culture in Haidai area belongs to Shao Hao Dongyi Group culture. After the formation of Yangshao culture around 4800 BC, Banpo type began to gradually expand to most parts of Shaanxi and even the southwest of Ordos region, and then continued to expand to the sparsely populated northeast region, and Hougang type also developed westward. The two collided and merged in central and southern Inner Mongolia, Jinzhong and even northwestern Hebei, forming the Lujiapo type of Yangshao culture. From the details, it seems that the factors of back hillock type in Lujiapo type are stronger. This is probably the true reflection of the conflict between Emperor Yan and Chiyou, which has a slight advantage. Around 4200 BC, Dongzhuang type, the predecessor of Miaodigou type, formed and rose in southwest Shanxi, and showed a strong spirit of innovation, enterprising and pioneering. First of all, it pushed forward to Jinzhong and central and southern Inner Mongolia with relatively weak culture and many blank areas, forming a type of white mud kiln similar to Dongzhuang, which greatly strengthened Dongzhuang's strength. Then exert a strong influence on the surrounding areas. To the west, the original half-slope type entered the late stage (historian type). To the southeast, the remains in central and southwestern Henan also have a strong Dongzhuang style; In the northeast, the culture of northwest Hebei and northern Shanxi, which originally belonged to Hougang type, evolved into Majiaxiao village type with strong local characteristics, indicating that the tentacles of Huangdi nationality have extended to Zhuolu area. However, the eastward influence is the least, which is obviously related to the tenacious resistance of Chiyou forces represented by Hougang style. At this time, the peaceful coexistence between the two sides of Taihang Mountain may be a temporary performance of the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou after many contests. After the Miaodigou type was formally formed around 4000 BC, its confrontation with Hougang type finally came to an end. At this time, the culture in northwest Hebei is mostly similar to Miaodigou, while the culture in the east of Taihang Mountain presents a scene of depression, indicating that Zhuolu area not only belongs to the Yellow Emperor, but also its influence has extended to the east of Taihang Mountain, which should be a concrete manifestation after the battle of Zhuolu. Li Miao group, represented by Hougang type, was forced to move south to Jianghan, becoming the source of Sanjiao Qujialing-Shijiahe culture. In a word, the battle of Zhuolu established the dominant position of Huaxia nationality represented by Yangshao culture in Miaodigou period, and made the Yellow Emperor and its Central Plains become the cognitive core of ancient China, which had a far-reaching impact on the origin, formation and development of ancient civilization in China. Taken together, Chinese civilization is pluralistic and integrated, which is clearly reflected in the origin and early development of civilization. These three groups have played a very important role in the formation of Chinese civilization, but their status and role are different at different stages. The three groups headed by Huaxia jointly created the early civilization of China, which shows that the origin of Chinese civilization is diverse; In the process of the origin of civilization, the Central Plains radiated outward at the high tide and absorbed all the rivers at the low tide, which has an incomparable important position in other regions, and finally formed a state power with the Central Plains as the core in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, indicating that Chinese civilization is one. Background: We are descendants of the Yellow Emperor, and Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation. The ceremony of Huangdi Mausoleum has been included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, we hold a public sacrifice ceremony for Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor in Yan Di and the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor. However, Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor are too far away from us, and we still know very little about the people of that era. The knowledge of the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di usually comes from the documents of the pre-Qin Dynasty for thousands of years, so that era was named "Prehistoric Age" and "Legendary Age". Some people can't help asking, are these records "compiled" by future generations? How credible is it? What can prove that those legendary events and characters really happened? This is a very serious and urgent problem to be discussed. Some people say that without prehistoric archaeology, the authenticity of documents and legends is so doubtful; If there are no documents and legends, prehistoric archaeology just excavates a strange world. By clarifying the ancient cultural pedigree through archaeological discoveries, it is expected to find out the corresponding relationship between archaeological remains and historical facts reflected by legends. This point has been confirmed by the outstanding research results of Xia, Shang and Zhou archaeology. We find that most of the literature records and legends of later generations are not fabricated by later generations for a certain purpose, but reflect the national memory and historical facts. Around the world, ancient civilizations in Egypt and West Asia have completed the process of mutual proof of legends and archaeology; In China, this work is going on ... "The Battle of Zhuolu" and "The Battle of Zhuolu" are the most detailed in the chapter "Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat": "After the second birth in the first day of yesterday, I made a code, and I was ordered to be the second Qing, and I was ordered to live there. In order to face the quartet, the company celebrated the end of heaven. Chiyou pursues the emperor for the river of Zhuolu, with nine horns. Chi Di's great fear was attributed to the Yellow Emperor, who caught Chiyou, killed him in CIMC, and relieved his anger with armour soldiers. Think in an orderly way with great integrity and discipline the emperor. In the name of nature. He ordered Shao Hao to be the official of the five emperors of the Qing Dynasty, so he ordered quality. Heaven is a great success. As for today, it is not chaotic. " The so-called Chi Di is Yan Di, and the "second generation" refers to Yan Di and Chiyou. From this passage, we can at least draw the conclusion that (1) Yan Di, Huangdi, Chiyou and Shao Hao have coexisted for at least some time. (2) At first, Emperor Yan and Chiyou clashed, and Emperor Yan was at a disadvantage; Then the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, who was captured and killed. (3) Yan Di had a close relationship with the Yellow Emperor, and had dealt with the common enemy Chiyou successively. (4) Chiyou lives in Shao Hao. They seem to have a close relationship, but after that, Chiyou was killed and Shao Hao was safe and sound, which shows that there are important differences between them. As for the location of Zhuolu, it is generally believed that it is in the area of Zhuolu in northwest Hebei, but there are other opinions. Character file: Han Jianye, born in 1967. He graduated from Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture with a doctorate in history. At present, he is a professor in the History Department of the College of Arts and Sciences of Beijing Union University and a part-time researcher at the Archaeological Research Center of China, Peking University. He is an "outstanding talent in the new century" of the Ministry of Education and a top-notch innovative talent in Beijing. Responsible for the national social science fund project "natural environment and cultural development in the pre-Qin period in northwest China" He has published more than 30 academic papers in national Chinese core journals, such as The Third Cultural Research of Wang Wan, The Origin of Zhuolu Battle, Tangge Xixia and Ji Fang Danzhu, The Origin of Three Miao in JUNG WOO, The Origin and Development Stage of Xia Culture, The Origin and Development Stage of Pre-Shang Culture, The Origin and Development Stage of Pre-Zhou Culture, and The Analysis of Western Tombs of Yin Ruins, and published monographs. .