Atomic weight of element: 58.69
Element type: metal
Atomic volume: (cc/mol): 6.59
Element content in the sun: (ppm) :80
Element content in seawater: (ppm): 0.005438+0 on the surface of the Pacific Ocean.
Content in the crust: (ppm): 80 Atomic number: 28
Element symbol: nickel
Chinese name of element: nickel
English name of element: nickel-cobalt alloy
Relative atomic mass: 58.69
Number of protons in the nucleus: 28
Number of Extranuclear Electrons: 28
Number of nuclear power audits: 28
Proton mass: 4.6844E-26
Proton relative mass: 28. 196
Period: 4
Number of families: eight
Molar mass: 59
Hydride: NiH3
Oxide: nickel oxide
The highest valence oxide chemical formula: Ni2O3 oxidation state: main Ni+2.
Other Ni- 1, Ni0, Ni+ 1, Ni+3, Ni+4 and Ni+6.
Density: 8.902
Melting point: 1453.0
Boiling point: 2732.0
The propagation speed of sound in it: (m/s): 4900 ionization energy (kJ/mol)
Male-male+736.7
M+ - M2+ 1735.0
M2+ - M3+ 3393
M3+ - M4+ 5300
M4+ - M5+ 7280
M5+ - M6+ 10400
M6+ - M7+ 12800
M7+ - M8+ 15600
M8+ - M9+ 18600
M9+-M 10+ 2 1660 Peripheral electronic configuration: 3d8 4s2
Extranuclear electron configuration: 2,8,16,2
Crystal structure: the unit cell is a face-centered cubic unit cell, and each unit cell contains 4 metal atoms. Nickel battery parameters:
aa = 352.4 pm
b = 352.4 pm
c = 352.4 pm
α = 90
β = 90
γ = 90 Mohs hardness: 4
Color and state: silvery white metal
Atomic radius: 1.62
Common valence: +2, +3 was discovered by Kronstadt.
Time and place of discovery: 175 1 Sweden
Element source: Nipyrite [(Ni, Fe)9S8] nickel-zinc core.
Discovery process: 175 1, Kronstadt, Sweden, using charcoal to heat weathered particles on the surface of nickel ore to prepare nickel.
The content of nickel in the earth's crust is not small, which is larger than common metals such as lead and tin, but much less than that of iron, and the melting points of nickel and iron are similar, so it is destined to be discovered later than iron. /kloc-at the end of 0/7, Europeans began to pay attention to nickel (arsenic) mines. At that time, Germany used it to make cyan glass, which miners called kupfernickel. "Cooper" is "copper" in German; "Nickel" is a swear word, which means "deceptive kid". So the word can be translated as "fake copper". People thought it was a mixture of copper and arsenic. Swedish chemist Kronst studied this mineral, and he got a small amount of metal different from copper. He published a research report in 175 1, thinking that this is a new metal, so it is called nickel, which is the origin of the Latin name of nickel and the symbol Ni. After nickel was discovered in Europe, the Germans first mixed it with copper to make so-called Germanic silver, or Deutsche Bank, which is the white copper in China. Source and Use Element Source: Ore is calcined into oxide and then reduced with water, gas or carbon.
Element uses: mainly used for manufacturing stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys, such as nickel steel, chromium-nickel steel and various non-ferrous metal alloys. Copper-nickel alloy with high nickel content is not easy to corrode. It is also used as a hydrogenation catalyst and in the preparation of ceramic products, special chemical utensils, electronic circuits, green glass and nickel compounds. A highly polished and corrosion-resistant ferromagnetic metal element. Mainly used in alloys (such as nickel steel and nickel silver) and as catalysts (such as raney nickel, especially for hydrogenation), and can be used to make money. Electroplating on other metals can prevent rust. Isotope The most stable isotope:
Decay products of decay energy of isotope abundance half-life decay mode
Megaelectron volt
56Ni artificial 6.077 days electron capture 2. 136 56Co
58Ni 68.077% stable
59Ni man-made 76000-year electron capture 1.072 59Co
60Ni 26.233% stable
6 1Ni 1. 14% stable.
62Ni 3.634% is stable.
63Ni artificial 100. 1 annual β decay 2. 137 63Cu
Basic knowledge 64Ni 0.926% stability In nature, the most important nickel ores are red nickel ore (nickel arsenide) and nickel arsenide (nickel arsenide sulfide). Cuba is the most famous nickel mine country in the world, and Dominica also has a large number of nickel mines.
Metal nickel is mainly used in electroplating industry. After nickel plating, articles are beautiful and clean, and nickel-chromium wires are not easy to rust. Ultrafine nickel powder is often used as catalyst in chemical industry.
Nickel is widely used in making alloys. Adding nickel to steel can improve mechanical strength. When the nickel content in steel increases from 2.94% to 7.04%, the tensile strength increases from 52.2 kg/mm2 to 72.8 kg/mm2. Nickel steel is used to manufacture machine parts that bear heavy pressure, impact and reciprocating load, such as turbine blades, crankshafts and connecting rods. Nickel steel containing 36% nickel and 0.3-0.5% carbon has a very small expansion coefficient, which hardly expands when heated and contracts when cooled. It is used to manufacture a variety of precision machinery and precision gauges. High nickel steel containing 46% nickel and 0. 15% carbon is called "platinum-like" because its expansion coefficient is similar to platinum and glass. This high nickel steel can be welded into glass. It is very important in bulb production and can be used as a substitute for platinum wire. Some precision frames are also made of this kind of platinum-like steel, and the lenses will not fall off from the frames because of thermal expansion and cold contraction. The alloy consisting of 67.5% nickel, 65,438+06% iron, 65,438+05% chromium and 65,438+0.5% manganese has great resistance, and is used to manufacture varistors and electric heaters.
Titanium-nickel alloy has the ability of "memory", and it has a strong memory. After a long time, it is accurate to repeat it tens of millions of times. Its "memory" ability is to remember its original shape, so people call it "shape memory alloy". It turns out that this alloy has a characteristic transition temperature. Above the transition temperature, it has a microstructure, while below the transition temperature, it has another microstructure. Different structures have different properties. For example, above the transformation temperature, Ti-Ni memory alloy is hard and strong, but below this temperature, it is soft and easy to cold work. In this way, when we need it to remember any shape, we can make it into that shape, which is its "permanent memory" shape. Below the transition temperature, because it is soft, we can make it deform at will to a considerable extent. When it needs to return to its original shape, it only needs to be heated above the transition temperature.
Nickel is magnetic and can be attracted by magnets. Alloys made of aluminum, cobalt and nickel are more magnetic. When this alloy is attracted by an electromagnet, it will not only be sucked away by itself, but also something 60 times heavier than it will not fall. This can be used to make electromagnetic cranes. Nickel salts are mostly green. Nickel hydroxide is brownish black and nickel oxide is grayish black. Nickel oxide is usually used to make iron-nickel alkaline batteries. Nickel ions are usually identified by dimethylglyoxime. In ammonia solution, nickel ion (Ni2+) reacts with dimethylglyoxime to form bright red precipitate (Ni(dmgH)2).