1, Global Coal Trade and Marketing Department
The international coal market can be roughly divided into two regional markets: Asia-Pacific market and Euro-Atlantic market. The coal exporting countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific coal market mainly include: Australia, Indonesian, China, Russian, Vietnamese and North Korea. The coal importing countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific coal market are: Japan, South Korea, India, Taiwan Province Province of China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, Philippines, Malaysia, etc. The coal exporting countries and regions in the European and American coal markets mainly include Australia, South Africa, Russia, Poland, the United States, Canada, Colombia and Venezuela. The main coal importing countries and regions in Europe and America are Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Greece.
Generally speaking, the international shipping market will be divided into regions with low freight price and sufficient supply.
The tendency is vague. Besides the traditional relationship between supply and demand, the factors that affect coal trade may also be obtaining specific coal types and ensuring national energy security.
The Asia-Pacific region has the largest coal trade volume in the world. In 2007 and 2008, the hard coal trade volume in the Asia-Pacific region was 466 million tons and 484 million tons respectively, accounting for 50.3% and 5 1.6% of the global hard coal trade volume respectively. Australia has been the largest exporter in the world in recent years, accounting for about 30% of global coal exports and 50% of Asia-Pacific exports. At the same time, due to the limitation of transportation distance, the exit is relatively stable. For example, 80% of Australian exports are in Asia, while more than 80% of Asian exporters such as China and Indonesia are within Asia. Therefore, Australia's coal price can be used as a weather vane for the trend of coal price in an important region in the world.
Generally speaking, the coal supply in the international market is gradually moving from single to decentralized, and the competition among coal exporting countries is fierce. The system of exporting countries has undergone great changes in the past decade.
The top ten coal exporters in the world are Australia, Indonesia, Russian, South Africa, China, Colombia, the United States, Viet Nam, Canada and Poland.
Due to the shortage of resources, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan Province Province of China are the largest coal importers and regions in the world. With the shrinking output, western European countries have also become important coal importing regions in the world.
2, the mode of transportation of international coal trade
In international trade, coal transportation is generally by sea. Coal can be transported by two kinds of ocean-going cargo ships. One is a dry cargo ship carrying bulk cargo, and the other is a dry and wet bulk carrier, which can carry both oil and bulk cargo such as ore and coal. The former is the main part of coal transportation, and the latter is rarely used because of its complicated operation (warehouse washing, etc.). ) and uneconomical use. Half of them are below 60,000 tons, and small ships with1-30,000 tons are convenient and flexible, which are acceptable to small seaports, so they are widely used. The most commonly used medium-sized ships are 60,000-80,000 tons. The main direction of ocean coal transportation is that the mainstream of the Pacific Ocean flows from the east coast of Australia to Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia. From the eastern United States to the west across the Pacific Ocean to Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. From the east coast of China to Japan and South Korea; The mainstream of the Atlantic Ocean is to cross the Atlantic Ocean from the east coast of the United States to Europe; The mainstream of the Indian Ocean is from South Africa to Asia or from Australia to Europe. In addition to these three oceans, there is also a small amount of shipping on the Baltic Sea and the northern coast of Europe.
In addition to maritime trade, some international coal trade also goes through inland border trade. This mode of transportation mainly occurs in North America, continental Europe and the former Soviet Union. Between the United States and Canada, it mainly passes through the Great Lakes, and then it is transported to the consumption place by rail or road. The United States and Mexico, European countries, Russia and Ukraine, Kazakhstan and other countries mainly transport by rail.
(Northeast Asia Coal Trading Center)