(i) Global palm oil production
Palm oil production has increased rapidly in recent years, and the reason for the increase in output lies in the increase in cultivated land area and output. Before 1989, the global palm oil production was less than100000 tons. Before 1997, the output only increased slightly, from100000 tons to 20 million tons. Since 1998, with the rapid increase of palm oil production in Southeast Asia, the global palm oil production has achieved rapid growth. By 2006, the global palm oil production has exceeded 35 million tons, equivalent to 7 times the output in the 1950s. The expansion of edible palm oil and palm oil industrial use has promoted the rapid growth of palm oil production. Compared with other petroleum products, the low price and the rapid economic development in the world and some regions have set off one peak after another, thus promoting the vigorous development of palm cultivation in Southeast Asia. Since 1995, the world palm oil production has increased greatly, and it is expected to exceed the soybean oil production at the current growth rate.
At present, there are about 20 countries producing palm oil in the world, and there are only three major producers, namely Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria, whose total output accounts for 88% of the world's total palm oil production.
(2) Major producers of palm oil
Southeast Asian countries belong to tropical rain forest climate or tropical monsoon climate, with high temperature all the year round, but abundant rainfall, which is suitable for large-scale planting of oil palm. Malaysia and Indonesia are the two largest palm oil producers in the world. Over the past decade, palm oil production in Malaysia and Indonesia has increased steadily, and palm oil produced by these two Southeast Asian countries accounts for more than 86% of the world's total palm oil production.
1. Palm oil production in Malaysia
Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world, and its palm oil production accounts for nearly 45% of the world's total output. The palm planting area in Malaysia accounts for about13 of the total cultivated land in China, reaching 2.5 million hectares. 1985 Malaysian palm oil production basically hovers around 5 million tons. In 2005, Malaysia's palm oil output reached a record15.2 million tons, which tripled in 20 years, mainly due to the substantial increase in harvest area. In 2006, Malaysia's palm oil production also remained at around15 million tons.
2. Palm oil production in Indonesia
Indonesia is the second largest palm oil producer in the world. In 2005, Indonesia's palm oil production accounted for 465,438+0% of the global palm oil production. With the decrease of agricultural land suitable for palm tree growth in Malaysia, the growth of palm oil production has now shifted to Indonesia. In the past decade, Indonesia's palm oil production has also nearly tripled. From 65438 to 0997, Malaysia's palm oil output was 3.6 million tons higher than Indonesia's, but the gap has gradually narrowed in recent years. By 2006, Indonesia's palm oil production had surpassed Malaysia's. Due to the influence of climate, palm oil production in Malaysia declined, while palm oil production in Indonesia reached its peak, increasing and further expanding plantations. Generally speaking, Indonesia's palm oil production has more growth potential.
(III) Global palm oil trade situation
At present, in the field of world oil trade, palm oil usually leads soybean oil and is in a leading position in the export market. In 1960s, palm oil was not prominent in the world oil trade. The main oils and fats traded at that time were soybean oil and animal fat. At 1993, the situation changed greatly. The proportion of palm oil trade in global oil trade increased from 10% in 1970 to 20% in 1977 and reached 30% in 1985. 197 The total output of palm oil in the world was 174 1000 tons, while the export volume reached113.46 million tons. By 2006, palm oil trade accounted for more than 50% of the total world oil trade.
Malaysia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world, 90% of its total palm oil output is exported, and only a small amount of palm oil exported by Malaysia belongs to unrefined crude palm oil. Before 1985, Malaysia almost controlled the whole palm oil export market. From 65438 to 0986, Malaysia's crude palm oil production was 4.54 million tons, accounting for 60% of the world's palm oil production in that year, and palm oil exported accounted for 68% of the world's palm oil exports. From 65438 to 0996, Malaysia produced 8.86 million tons of palm oil, accounting for 53% of the world's total output, and exported 7.325 million tons, accounting for 64% of the world's total export. With the increasing share of Indonesia's palm oil exports in recent years, Malaysia's palm oil exports have fallen to about half of the global share. In 2005, the global palm oil export volume reached 26.3 million tons, of which Malaysian palm oil export volume reached13.45 million tons, accounting for 49%, and Indonesian palm oil export volume reached10.3 million tons, accounting for 39%.
At present, 88% of the world palm oil export market is firmly controlled by these two major producers. In addition, Nigeria, C? te d 'Ivoire, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Colombia and other countries and regions also produce and export a certain amount of palm oil.
(d) World palm oil consumption
In recent years, the proportion of animal oil consumption in global oil has dropped sharply, from 24% in the late 1980s to 17%. Driven by the growth of world population and per capita consumption, the consumption of vegetable oil has increased by 3-4% every year. The proportion of regional oil consumption is inclined to developed countries. 75% of the world's population is concentrated in Asia and Africa, but Europe and America, which account for a small number of the world's population, consume 40% of the total oil consumption. With the development of economy, the oil growth potential of developing countries is higher than that of developed countries.
In 200 1 year, the global palm oil consumption is 24 million tons. Since 1995, the consumption of palm oil has increased dramatically. By 2005, the global palm oil consumption reached more than 33 million tons, and the consumption increased by 38% in five years. Generally speaking, the consumption of palm oil is mainly concentrated in Asian countries, and the European Union has also increased the import of palm oil to offset the supply gap of rapeseed oil caused by the increasing demand of biofuel industry. At present, the main consumers of palm oil are India, EU-, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan, which account for 60% of the total consumption. As a big consumer, China accounts for 14% of the global palm oil consumption, while Indian accounts for 1 1%. In recent years, the increase of palm oil consumption in China is the most obvious. In 200 1 year, the domestic consumption of palm oil in China just exceeded 2 million tons, and by 2005, it more than doubled to 4.36 million tons.
(v) The price trend of palm oil in the international market.
In recent 20 years, the international palm oil price fluctuated greatly, which was similar to the price trend of vegetable oil such as soybean oil. The lowest price of Malaysian crude oil palm oil futures appeared at 1986. At that time, the global oil seed harvest, especially the soybean harvest in the United States, led to the suppression of all vegetable oil prices, including soybean oil, and palm oil prices showed a phased low. With the occurrence of several severe global weather events, such as El Ni? o and La Ni? a, which affected the global vegetable oil production, the price of palm oil rose several times, including 1988 and 1994, and the price rose from 800 RM/ ton to 1400- 1600. 1999, due to the continuous disastrous weather, oil seed production was reduced, and the supply of vegetable oil was tight, but the demand increased unprecedentedly, and the expansion of output could not keep up with the growth of demand, resulting in palm oil reaching a historical high of 2600RM/ ton. By the end of April 2007, the price of palm oil in Malaysia Stock Exchange was about RM 2,200/ton.
Palm oil in China mainly depends on imports, which have been increasing in recent 20 years. At present, it is the largest importer of palm oil in the world. Among them, in 2002, China implemented a quota management system for palm oil, and the tariff within the quota was reduced from 10% to 9%. At the same time, the number of quotas has increased year by year, so the import volume has increased significantly. Malaysian and Indonesian are the main importers of palm oil in China. At present, palm oil imports from these two countries account for more than 98% of China's total palm oil imports. From the perspective of import ports, Huangpu Port, Zhangjiagang Port and Tianjin Port are the main import ports of palm oil in China, and the annual import volume of these three ports accounts for nearly 70% of the total domestic palm oil imports. According to the degree, China's palm oil imports are mainly at 24 degrees, while crude palm oil imports are increasing.
(I) General situation of palm oil import in China.
Palm oil in China is mainly imported, and the import volume is increasing. China's palm oil import takes 200 1 as the watershed, and the growth rate before and after the import is obviously different, mainly because China implemented the vegetable oil import tariff quota management system in 2002, and the tariff within the palm oil quota decreased from the original 10% to 9%, while the palm oil quota increased year by year. Therefore, the change of palm oil import quantity in China can be clearly divided into two stages, namely, the steady growth stage before 200 1 and the rapid growth stage after 200 1. 1996, China's palm oil imports were only10/10,000 tons. In 200 1 year, the import volume rose to 1.52 million tons, reaching 3.86 million tons in 2004. From 200 1 to 2004, palm oil imports grew at an average annual rate of 780,000 tons. In 2005, although China's palm oil imports still increased to some extent, the growth rate slowed down obviously. The annual import of palm oil was 4.36 million tons, accounting for 13% of the global import share, an increase of 500,000 tons compared with last year, with an increase of 13%. In 2006, the import volume was 5.08 million tons, an increase of about 17% compared with 2005. Driven by the huge demand for palm oil in China, it is predicted that the import of palm oil in China will continue to increase in the next few years, but the growth rate will slow down.
Consumption of Palm Oil in China
Palm oil can be used for both edible and industrial consumption. According to the statistics of traders, the consumption of palm oil in China is mainly edible, among which 24-degree refined palm oil is the main variety, accounting for more than 60% of the market.
1. China vegetable oil consumption structure
If the market share is measured by the consumption of each oil product, and 200 1 is the watershed, the consumption structure of vegetable oil has changed obviously before and after. Before 200 1, the share of various vegetable oils in the total consumption did not change significantly. The market share in 200 1 year is rapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil and small variety oil. After 200 1, the consumption share of soybean oil and palm oil increased obviously, while the consumption share of rapeseed oil, peanut oil and cottonseed oil decreased, and the consumption share of small variety oil changed little. By 2004, the order of oil consumption share of each variety is soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, peanut oil, small variety oil and cottonseed oil, and the consumption share of small variety oil exceeds cottonseed oil. In the next few years, the consumption of palm oil in China will continue to increase, and its consumption share is expected to surpass that of rapeseed oil soon.
2. Consumption of palm oil
From 1996 to 200 1 year, the edible consumption of palm oil in China basically showed a steady growth trend, and the growth rate obviously accelerated from 200 1 year to 2003, and weakened after 2003, but it still set a new historical record year by year. In 2004, the edible consumption of palm oil reached 2.7 million tons. It is estimated that the edible consumption of palm oil in China will be 2.9 million tons in 2005, an increase of 200,000 tons compared with 2004.
3. Industrial consumption of palm oil
Because China does not implement quota management for palm oil above 44 degrees, this has greatly promoted the import of palm oil above 44 degrees in China in recent years, and the industrial consumption of palm oil has also increased rapidly. In 2002, the industrial consumption of palm oil was 350,000 tons, reaching 6,543,800 tons+200,000 tons in 2004, with an average annual increase of 420,000 tons from 2002 to 2004. It is estimated that the industrial consumption of palm oil in China in 2005 will be 654.38+400,000 tons, 200,000 tons more than that in 2004.
4. Palm oil consumption enterprises
From the perspective of consumer enterprises, there are thousands of large-scale palm oil consumer enterprises in China at present, and if small enterprises are counted, the number exceeds 5,000, mainly distributed in catering, food processing, chemical industry and other fields. Representative enterprises include instant noodle manufacturers such as Uni-President Food Group and Ding Xin Group, as well as chemical enterprises such as Guangzhou Procter & Gamble Co., Ltd. and Naisi Yiyang Co., Ltd. ... Most consumer enterprises usually do not import directly by themselves, but mainly rely on middlemen for supply. In 2006, there were about 30 direct import consumer enterprises, accounting for about 2% of the total import. According to incomplete statistics, on the whole, the proportion of imported palm oil used for commercial circulation is about 80%, and the proportion of goods directly entering terminal consumption, processing trade with materials and storage in bonded areas is about 20%.
5. Seasonality of palm oil consumption in China.
Because of the high melting point of palm oil, its consumption has certain seasonality, with large consumption in summer and small consumption in winter. The seasonality of consumption is directly reflected in the seasonality of imports. From 2004 to 2006, the import volume was relatively small in 1 February, about1600-290,000 tons, and relatively large in June-September. August, 2004, June, 2005 and August, 2006 were the months with the largest import volume.
Main uses of palm oil
Palm oil has two characteristics. First, it contains more saturated fatty acids, has good stability and is not easy to be oxidized and deteriorated. Secondly, palm oil is rich in vitamin A(500-700ppm) and vitamin E(500-800ppm). Separating palm oil, and separating solid fat from liquid oil, wherein the solid fat can be used as chocolate to replace expensive cocoa butter; Liquid oil is used for cold salad, stir-fry or stir-fry and has a light and refreshing taste. The soap industry uses a lot of unseparated palm oil. The soap produced by palm oil has long-lasting foam and strong decontamination ability. Palm oil can also be used to tinplate and roll aluminum foil. Therefore, palm oil is widely used in catering, food manufacturing and oil industry all over the world.
1. Application of Palm Oil in Catering Industry
History shows that palm oil has been used in catering for more than 5000 years. Compared with other edible oils and fats, palm oil products show greater advantages in frying and barbecue foods, which are mainly due to the following three reasons:
(1) Unique good oxidation resistance (frying resistance): This is mainly because palm oil has moderate unsaturation and contains no linolenic acid. Rich natural vitamin E and triene tocopherol are natural and efficient antioxidants, which makes palm oil more suitable for frying and barbecue foods than other oils.
(2) It is composed of rich fatty acids: palm oil contains 50% unsaturated fatty acids, has no trans-acid, and is not easy to polymerize with acids.
(3) Economy: The cost of oil has always been an important consideration for the catering industry to choose frying and barbecue oil. Oil palm is a high-yield perennial oil plant, which can be harvested for about 20 years once planted. The annual oil output per unit area is much higher than that of other vegetable oils, and the output is relatively stable, which makes palm oil the most price-competitive edible vegetable oil in the world. Oil palm is the most productive oil crop. One hectare of land produces an average of 3.5 tons of palm oil and 0.4 tons of palm kernel oil every year. Its production efficiency is much higher than that of similar vegetable oil, which also means that the output of palm oil per hectare is 9- 10 times that of soybean.
At present, the main index of edible refined palm oil in China is that the melting point does not exceed 24℃-33℃. It is used for cooking and frying food (bread, biscuits, etc.). ), and the annual demand accounts for the vast majority of imports.
2. Application of palm oil in food industry
Palm oil is generally processed into shortening, margarine, hydrogenated palm oil, frying oil and special oil in food industry. Like other edible oils, palm oil is easy to digest and absorb, which promotes health. Palm oil is an important component of fat, which is mild in nature and a good material for making food. Judging from the composition of palm oil, its high solid glycerol content keeps food stable without hydrogenation, which effectively resists oxidation. It is also suitable for hot climate and becomes a good seasoning for cakes and baked products. Because of these characteristics, palm oil is deeply loved by food manufacturing industry.
(1) ghee: Unlike margarine, ghee is 80% oil and 20% water, while ghee is 100% pure oil. There are many kinds of shortening. Strictly speaking, every food needs special shortening, but there are also general shortening suitable for many foods, which are usually used for frying and baking foods, such as French fries, cakes, biscuits, sandwich cakes and bread. Usually, shortening needs to be matched with different ingredients in the production and use process, so it can be applied to different products, such as ice cream and biscuits with different tastes.
(2) Margarine: Margarine is an emulsion composed of water and oil. Margarine was originally developed to imitate butter, and now it has formed many types of products, among which palm liquid oil is suitable for making liquid margarine, and palm stearin is more suitable for making solid margarine.
(3) Hydrogenated palm oil: Hydrogenated palm oil has a wide market in India, Pakistan and Middle East countries, and these markets usually regard it as a cream product.
(4) Frying oil: This is one of the most extensive uses of palm oil in the food industry, mainly because it has good oxidation resistance (its rich tocopherol is a natural and efficient antioxidant), is not easy to polymerize with acid, and has a healthy fatty acid composition (50% unsaturated fatty acid, without trans acid). In the production of instant noodles in most countries, including China, palm products are mostly used for fried cakes. In China market, some fried foods with local characteristics (such as fried breakfast and fried snacks) have also begun to be made from palm products.
(5) Special oils and fats: Palm oil and palm kernel oil are ideal raw materials for producing special oils and fats, which are mainly used in the production of candy, especially chocolate food. Among them, palm kernel stearin is also called cocoa butter substitute because its physical properties are very close to cocoa butter.
Palm oil is more and more widely used in food industry, mainly because it has good natural oxidation resistance, unique physical characteristics, nutrients suitable for human health and obvious economy. With the continuous efforts of oil research institutions, palm oil will be more widely used in various fields of food industry.
3. Industrial use of palm products
In recent years, the industrial use of palm oil has developed rapidly. In developed countries, a large amount of palm oil is used for industrial purposes. In China, palm industrial products are called industrial monosodium glutamate, which shows its wide application. Refined palm oil for industrial use requires a melting point of not less than 44℃. It is mainly used to make soap, stearic acid and glycerin, and the annual demand is basically above100000 tons. In recent years, with the rising price of crude oil, the theme of biofuel has been excavated again, and the use of palm oil as biofuel has been discovered, which has become a new growth point of palm oil use in the future.
Palm oil is mainly divided into two categories in industrial applications: one is that it can be directly obtained from palm products, such as soap, epoxy palm oil and its polyols, polyurethane and polyacrylate products. The other is petrochemical products, such as fatty acids, esters, fatty alcohols, nitrogen-containing compounds, glycerol and so on. On the basis of these products, various derivatives can be produced by different chemical methods. The main raw materials of oil chemical industry are oils rich in carbon chain length C 12-C 14 and C 16-C 18, among which palm kernel oil, palm stearin and palmitic acid are the main raw materials.