System. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi, the earliest paper money in the world, appeared. By the Ming Dynasty, silver had become the most important currency in circulation.
China's ancient monetary system was based on copper coins. The early forms of money have not yet been discovered. The original copper coins had various shapes, including knife coins, cloth coins and ant nose coins. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered the national copper coins to be based on Qin copper coins. Because the sand mold is used to pour copper coins, the cast copper coins have burrs, so there is a square hole in the middle, which is used to connect wooden sticks in series to polish and file. This special shape gives it many symbolic and mysterious explanations. Some people think that the circle of copper coins represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "earth". Copper coins are usually printed with the emperor's year number when casting.
Gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Chu in the Yangtze River valley in the south of China once used gold cakes and nuggets. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty issued white deerskin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton cloth, silk, rice and other daily necessities are also used as the unit of calculation of money (rather than actual money) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, silver currency gradually spread widely. Although the silver in the national treasury and the official treasury is cast into ingots according to the uniform color and weight for storage, the silver in circulation is not coins, but one by one. When it is used in the market, it has to go through complicated procedures such as calculating color and weighing. Large pieces of silver ingots should be cut with clips, and small pieces of silver ingots need to be recast into large pieces at the silversmith's place. There are many reasons why China doesn't use silver coins, but the main reason is that the government can't provide guarantee for the silver coins issued due to political instability, and at the same time, due to frequent wars, people often hoard silver, which leads to insufficient market circulation to support the silver-based monetary system.
Because it is extremely inconvenient to carry a large number of copper coins, cross banknotes appeared in the highly developed Northern Song Dynasty. This is also one of the earliest paper money in the world. But it's more like a money order than paper money in the modern sense. The Yuan Dynasty established by Mongols followed paper money and regarded it as one of the wonderful ways to solve economic difficulties. Regardless of the actual currency circulation and economic level, they issued a large number of unsecured paper money, which caused the earliest inflation. The Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty established by the Han people. Its founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was a conservative agronomist. He thinks that paper money is foreign and should be discarded. However, the paper money issued by the Ming Dynasty itself is called "Daming Treasure Note". This kind of paper money is rarely used among the people.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, silver began to flow into China in large quantities, becoming a metal currency as common as copper coins. During the Qing Dynasty, silver had become the main monetary unit ("two") of the country. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Mexican silver dollars began to circulate in large quantities in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, China minted his own silver coins and set up a family bank to issue regular paper money. 1935, China implemented the legal currency system and officially abolished the silver standard system. According to the Sino-US Silver Agreement of 1936, one yuan of legal tender is equal to 0.265 US dollars.
The currency of China is RMB, which is issued by the State Bank, the People's Bank of China. The unit of RMB is yuan, and the tokens are cents and cents. A dollar is ten cents and a dime is ten cents. Paper money has yuan, jiao and fen, and coins have yuan, jiao and fen. The face value of yuan is 1, 2,5, 10 yuan, 20 yuan, 50 yuan, 100 yuan, the face value of corner is 1, 2,5, and the face value of cent is 1, 2,5. The abbreviation of RMB yuan is RMB yuan.
Evolution of
1, the earliest currency: natural seashells.
2. Metal currency: copper imitation shell and money (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the late Yellow Emperor)
3. Currency in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Natural shells are still an important currency.
Metal currency is widely used: A copper shell and copper block B currency and cloth are being transformed into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area.
4. Currency in the Spring and Autumn Period
Short cloth: it is popular in Guanluo Sanjin area, and "Zhou, Zheng, Jin and Wei" are mainly flat-headed short cloth.
Knife (goods): It was circulated in the Qi State in the East, imitating a production tool.
Ant nose money: imitation copper shells circulating in the south of Chu State
5, money: round hole, round hole ★ Global hot news community
The currency of Sanjin and Zhoubu currency areas
Qin Qian: In units of two, a round hole with one or two cents has no outline and a square hole with half a cent.
6. The circulation of gold during the Warring States Period.
During the Warring States period, the circulation of gold was based on Jin Yi, mainly on Nan Jin.
7. Currency of Qin Dynasty
Gold is named after Yan, and it is a coin; Copper coin is known as half a tael, as heavy as its text, and it is the next coin; Beads, jade, turtles, shells, silver and tin are precious ornaments, not coins.
8. Western Han Dynasty currency
Three baht, four baht, five baht, leather coins and white gold coins. Currency in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Iron coins: In 30 AD, Gongsun Shu minted iron coins in Sichuan, and used iron as monetary material for the first time in history.
Five baht: In 40 AD, Emperor Guangwu suggested from Ma Yuan to restore five baht.
10, the currency of Wang Mang's period.
Two years: wrong knife, wrong knife, big spring
Six years: scrap the wrong knife, sign the knife for five baht, issue Koizumi instead of five baht, and circulate five coins of gold, silver, copper, tortoise shell.
Six: gold loan, silver loan, spring loan, cloth loan, turtle loan and shell loan.
Twenty guests
1 1. The Gold Problem in the Han Dynasty
Gold as the superior currency and copper as the inferior currency are still legal tender units, and the unit is changed from Yi to Gold, 1 gold = 10000 yuan.
There were two kinds of horseshoes in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, namely, unicorn gold (round) and horseshoe gold (oval).
During the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for gifts and rewards. Wang Mang nationalized gold. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold decreased, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used as gifts.
12, currency of Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasty
Wei: I used to trade in grain and silk, and I also resumed the circulation of five baht; Shu: straight 100 yuan; Wu: Daquan is 500 and Daquan is 1000.
No new coins were minted in the Jin Dynasty, five baht of Han and Wei dynasties and various ancient coins were mainly used in the Western Jin Dynasty, and the old coins circulating in Sun and Wu regions were mainly used after the Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty crossed the river.
Sixteen countries: The secretariat of Liangzhou in Hexi recovered five baht, and Hanxing money was the earliest annual money in China.
13, currency of southern and northern dynasties
, four baht, south seven, the first time a large number of cast iron money, copper coins, five baht, short hundred, old, big style, six beads.
Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe five baht, Yong 'an five baht; Eastern Wei Dynasty: Five baht along Yong 'an; Beiqi: Changping five baht; Northern Zhou Dynasty: Buquan, five-star cloth, always connected to other countries.
At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people in northern Jizhou traded silk cloth and people in southern Wuling traded salt rice cloth.
14, Sui and Tang currency
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty cast a unified standard of five baht to become a unified currency in domestic circulation!
In the legal tender circulation system of the Tang Dynasty, money and silk went hand in hand.
In four years, Wude abandoned five baht to cast Kaiyuan Bao Tong coins, and stipulated that the color code should be separated from the measurement and naming system of the currency, and the weight should be used as the name of the currency.
15, currency of the late Tang and Five Dynasties
Huichang Kaiyuan Money (Kaiyuan Bao Tong Money has words on the back, and later all the states cast the state names on the back of the money).
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were generally chaotic, and Zhou Shizong made the most money by casting Tianbao in Zhu Yuanzhang.
Silver began to enter circulation (copper coins decreased, silk was not feasible, and silver gradually entered circulation), but in the Tang Dynasty it was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collection (silver cakes, silver collars), bribery, military supplies, local gifts, etc. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the trend of public and private collecting silver gradually took shape. Lingnan Road and Jiangxi Road produce the most silver.
16, currency of Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty Year Coin: In addition to the Bao Tong currency, the year number of the emperor was added. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no difference between Bao Tong in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and Bao Tong in Kaiyuan. Later, Bao Tong appeared in Taiping, and Bao Tong appeared in Chunhua. Every time the emperor changes their RMB, they will recast a new currency. Chinese characters are all treasures and ingots, but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, seal and line.
Copper coin areas in the Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng, Dongjing, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, western Guangdong and other places.
Tieqian District of Northern Song Dynasty: Sichuan
The dual-purpose areas of iron and money in the Northern Song Dynasty: Shaanxi and Hedong
Southern Song Dynasty copper coin area: southeast,
Tieqian District of Southern Song Dynasty: Huaibei, Jingxi and Hubei
Dual-purpose areas of iron and money in Southern Song Dynasty: Jingmen and other places.
Jiaozi: Credit certificate and currency fully cashed by customers can only be used in Sichuan.
Yin Qian: It is not used as currency, but only for exchange. It can be used outside Sichuan (Song Huizong exchanged jiaozi for money).
Huizi in the Southern Song Dynasty: It was originally distributed among the people in the southeast, and later the government set up the Huizi Library, completely imitating the method of quoting books in Sichuan.
Local currency: Sophora japonica, Hu Hui, Chuanyin and Yinhuizi.
17, Yuan currency
Central banknote unification period: laid the foundation of the yuan banknote system, and the yuan dynasty did not cast copper coins. Zhongtong Yuanbao payment paper money takes silk as capital, consistency and text as unit.
Yuan banknote period: the most important currency in the Yuan Dynasty, circulating in parallel with the central banknotes.
The most positive period:
The circulation of silver was strictly forbidden in the Yuan Dynasty, but many people used it, and paper money was linked with silver.
Currency in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Daming paper money: paper money is based on the face value, and there is no reserve for issuing paper money. People are allowed to exchange gold and silver for Daming paper money, and the payment is limited. Old banknotes can be exchanged for new ones.
148 1 paper money collapsed, 158 1 silver became a common currency.
19, modern currency
Copper coins from making money to copper coins
Silver coins went from silver to silver (the first foreign silver dollar that flowed into China was Spanish silver dollar, and Zhang Zhidong invited him to set up a bureau in Guangdong in the 13th year of Guangxu, and the casting was officially approved in the 16th year of Guangxu).