The six major subjects of the debit and credit bookkeeping method are account names, and the economic business is finally registered in the account book according to the bookkeeping voucher.
1. Asset account structure
The structure of asset account is that the debit of the account records the increase of assets and the credit records the decrease of assets. If there is a balance at the end of the asset category, it should be on the debit side.
2. The structure of liabilities and owners' equity accounts
? Assets = liabilities+owners' equity? The accounting equation determines that the structure of the debt and owner's equity account is just the opposite to that of the asset account. The registered debt and owner's equity of creditors increase, while the registered debt and owner's equity of borrowers decrease. Similarly, the balance of liabilities and owners' equity should generally be the credit balance.
3. The structure of cost accounting subjects
The structure of cost account and asset account is consistent, and their internal relations are the same. That is, the increase of debit registration cost and the decrease of credit registration cost in cost accounting subjects. If there is any balance at the end of the period, it should be in the debit.
4. Structure of profit and loss accounts
Profit and loss accounts include income accounts and expense accounts. The acquisition of income and the occurrence of expenses will eventually lead to the change of owners' equity. The increase of income is a factor to increase the owner's equity, and the increase of expenses is a factor to decrease the owner's equity.
The calculation method of the trial balance of debit and credit bookkeeping refers to a special method of summarizing and calculating all the records of each account in the current period according to the accounting equation or double-entry bookkeeping principle in order to ensure the correctness of the accounting treatment of each account at a certain moment (such as the end of the accounting period) to test its correctness. Through the trial balance, we can check the correctness of accounting records, find out the reasons for incorrect accounting records and make adjustments, thus providing accurate information for the preparation of accounting statements.
Under the debit and credit bookkeeping method, according to the basic principle of double-entry bookkeeping, there are two main methods of trial balance: the current amount balance method and the balance balance method.
(A) the current amount balance method
The current balance method refers to adding the current debit amount and the current credit amount of all accounts, and then using? If there is a loan, there must be a loan, and the loan must be equal? A method of trial balance, which tests the correctness of account processing of current amount according to accounting rules. The trial balance formula is as follows:
Total debit amount of all accounts in this period = total credit amount of all accounts in this period.
(The amount is a dynamic accounting indicator of a period, reflecting the increase or decrease of funds, so it is also called the dynamic balance formula. )
The principle of this trial balance method is: when compiling accounting entries at ordinary times, all of them are? If there is a loan, there must be a loan, and the loan must be equal? , put it into the relevant account, it must be after the summary? Lending and borrowing must be equal? . The balance method of the current accounting method is mainly to check the correctness of the economic business that occurred in the current period when dealing with various accounts.
balancing method
Balance method refers to the total amount of account balance in debit and credit at the end of accounting period. Assets = liabilities+owners' equity? According to the balance principle of balance sheet, a trial balance method to test the correctness of accounting treatment. According to the different balance time, it can be divided into two categories: opening balance and ending balance. The trial balance formula is as follows:
Debit ending balance of all accounts = credit ending balance of all accounts.
Debit opening balance of all accounts = credit opening balance of all accounts
(Balance is a static accounting indicator at a time point, reflecting the result of fund changes, so it is also called static balance formula. )
The basic principle of the balance method: under the debit-credit bookkeeping method, the ending balance of the asset account is in the debit side, and the ending balance of the liability and owner's equity account is in the credit side. Assets = liabilities+owners' equity? Balance the relationship, so the total debit ending balance of all accounts should be equal to the total credit ending balance of all accounts. The balance balance method mainly checks and infers the correctness of account processing through various account balances.
If the trial is unbalanced, it means that the account records must be wrong. If the trial balance shows that the account records are basically correct, but not necessarily completely correct. This is because some mistakes do not affect the balance between borrowers and lenders. If an economic business is repeatedly recorded, omitted or misremembered in the relevant account, it cannot be found through the trial balance. But the trial balance is still an effective way to check whether the account records are correct.
The main form of debit and credit bookkeeping The basic accounting equation of the application of debit and credit bookkeeping is assets = liabilities+owners' equity.
1. Capital flows into the business of the enterprise. That is, assets, liabilities and owners' equity increase at the same time. The increase of assets is recorded in the "debit" of related subjects, and the increase of liabilities and owners' equity is recorded in the "credit" of related subjects.
2. Business in which funds flow within the enterprise. That is, the increase or decrease between assets, income and expenses or within asset elements. The increase of assets and expenses, the decrease of income, the' debit' of relevant subjects, the increase of income and the decrease of assets and expenses, the' credit' of relevant subjects.
3. Equity conversion business. That is to say, there is an increase or decrease between liabilities, owners' equity and profits or within an element. The increase of liabilities and owners' equity and the increase of profits are recorded in the "credit" of related subjects, and the decrease of profits and liabilities and owners' equity are recorded in the "debit" of related subjects.
4. Withdrawal of funds from enterprise business. That is, assets, liabilities and owners' equity decrease at the same time. The decrease of assets is recorded in relevant accounts, and the decrease of liabilities and owners' equity is recorded in relevant accounts. It can be seen that each type of business should debit related accounts and credit other accounts at the same time, and the amount credited to both parties is equal.