A commodity that can be exchanged is a product, which is the result of human labor. Products become commodities after exchange, and the price of commodities is the embodiment of human labor value.
When the price of a commodity changes with the transfer of time and space, that is to say, the labor value condensed by human beings on this commodity changes. Theoretically, there are only three kinds of changes: either increase, decrease or remain unchanged.
For example:
Increases are: flour, land, gold and so on.
There are: mobile phones, computers, black and white TV sets, etc.
Commodities with constant prices are because the circulation time is short enough.
If we call the phenomenon that the exchangeable commodities in circulation are constantly appreciating with the change of time and space expansion during the transfer process, we can also call the phenomenon that the exchangeable commodities in circulation are constantly depreciating with the change of time and space contraction during the transfer process.
Most people only pay attention to expansion, and few people study contraction. Therefore, while discussing the causes of inflation, we should also study the causes of deflation. Before studying deflation, it is necessary for us to think about several basic issues:
1。 The expression of labor value
2。 Nature and classification of products
3。 Nature and classification of commodities
4. Factors affecting commodity prices.
5。 How to make a fair evaluation of labor value
6。 The relationship between labor value, products, commodities and commodity prices
The definition of products was not a problem, but recently I found that many people in new industries are not clear about the complete definition or classification of products. Now I try to make the following simple description:
1。 Entity: all tangible products, such as home appliances, building materials, food, etc. , generally considered as the definition of a product.
2。 Services: beauty, bathhouse, health club, etc.
3。 Man: Buddha, Yao Ming.
4。 Location: Beijing, Qingdao
5。 Organization: Youth Song Competition, various associations,
6。 Creativity: artworks, Yang He's ideas, etc.
Repost my previous article on product classification for reference. In fact, not only the price of commodities will change, but also the classification of products and commodities will change over time. For example, pager products have been withdrawn from the market. Emerging commodities such as space tourism began to appear.
Human labor is not necessarily valuable, valuable labor does not necessarily form products, products are not necessarily accepted by the market to form commodities, and the prices of commodities are not static after time and space changes. The ways, methods and results of people's evaluation of laborers' labor value will also change with the change of emptiness. Therefore, it is impossible for anyone and any organization to correctly evaluate all the labor values of human beings from ancient times to the present under any time and space conditions, and let all workers abide by them. At least today, I don't think it is possible. Maybe only when capitalism is realized can we solve this problem. Only by solving this problem can we solve the problems of inflation and deflation.
This is the fundamental reason why developed capitalism and China, which is in the primary stage of socialism, will inevitably experience inflation and deflation, because we have not yet established an evaluation system to correctly evaluate the labor value of all workers at all times and in all countries, let alone let all workers (including capitalists and bureaucrats) abide by distribution according to work.
Although inflation and contraction cannot be completely solved at present, we are not idle.
Usually, people prevent inflation because the labor value of ordinary workers is basically stored in the form of money. Once inflation occurs in the whole society, the labor value stored by ordinary workers in the form of money will depreciate. People are trying to prevent inflation in order not to devalue their labor force. Dialectics tells us that everything is developing in both good and bad directions, and inflation and deflation are no exception. Therefore, it is wrong to prevent inflation from developing in a good direction. It is right to stop the vicious inflation. It is right to encourage benign deflation, but it is wrong to ignore the vicious development of term of office into false deflation.
Yi said: Tai Chi gives birth to two instruments, and two instruments give birth to four images.
If inflation and deflation are regarded as two tools, then benign inflation and deflation and vicious inflation and deflation can be regarded as four phenomena. There is a mutual transformation relationship between them. Tao Te Ching: Both of them have the same name but are different, both of which are called metaphysics.
Mysterious and mysterious, the gate of Wan Qi.
Now give an example to illustrate four phenomena of money.
Hyperinflation: A few years ago, many farmers stopped raising pigs because of the low price of pork, and the price of pork was far lower than the labor value paid by farmers.
Benign deflation: Mobile phones have increased from about 1000 yuan/set when they entered the China market to 200-300 yuan/set now.
Hyperinflation: When the stock price is much higher than its investment value.
Benign inflation: Xiaoya Electric has the lowest ex-factory price, slightly higher wholesale price and the most expensive retail price.
There is a saying about the number of images in the study of Zhouyi. When we talk about images, we also need to borrow prices to illustrate the problem.
According to the Book of Changes theory, four images give birth to eight diagrams, which are folded into sixty-four hexagrams, and combined with sixty jiazi and twenty-four solar terms, a complete system of continuous and infinite expansion of digital combination is formed, which the ancients called "extraordinary escape number".
The mutual conversion between the four images of money is relatively simple, and interested readers can prove it themselves. Of course, these changes are far less comprehensive and orderly than Qimen's avoidance before finishing.
If we can successfully prevent the other three phenomena from turning into hyperinflation, it is possible to prevent all-round hyperinflation.
Therefore, in the mutual transformation of these four images, my main concern is the transformation from vicious deflation, benign deflation and benign inflation to vicious inflation.
The reason of hyperinflation is that the price of goods is lower than the cost of manufacturing goods. When commodities belong to the necessities of ordinary workers in commodity classification, hyperinflation may occur. Therefore, we should pay attention to it and not let the supply of such goods fall short of demand. Once the balance between supply and demand in the market is broken, the price of this commodity will increase and be higher than the average labor value of ordinary workers in society, resulting in hyperinflation. When their price and quantity reach a certain level, all-round hyperinflation will occur, which will affect social stability. In order to solve this economic problem, relevant organizations need to compensate for the shrinking necessities. For example, many countries in the world subsidize agricultural products in order to prevent hyperinflation from transforming into hyperinflation. To do this job well, you need to know: 1. What are the daily necessities of ordinary workers? 2. What is the average labor value of ordinary workers in society? How to ensure the balance between supply and demand of this commodity? 4. Ways and means to provide and cancel subsidies. 5. Sources of subsidies.
The reason for benign deflation is that commodity prices are much higher than the average labor value of ordinary workers in society. In other words, the labor value of workers who make deflationary goods is overestimated. The process of commodity deflation is also a process in which the labor value of manufacturing these commodities gradually returns to the average labor value of ordinary workers in society. When there are enough deflationary commodities, their value is overvalued for a long time. There will be a phenomenon that social wealth will gradually gather to commodity providers suffering from deflation. General economic circles call this phenomenon excess capital liquidity. Therefore, the excess liquidity of capital is only relative to the wealthy class. For ordinary workers in society, the fruits of their labor are actually stolen by workers who make deflationary goods. Once the excess liquidity of capital is formed, it can not only provide a financial basis for the hyperinflation of commodities. It can also make the holders or operators of surplus capital make waves all over the world, form a worldwide industrial monopoly with capital as a weapon, and even completely interfere with other economic organizations or entities such as the state in politics, economy and culture, which has the ability to create economic crises. The basic method to solve this problem is to identify the contractible commodities in time, and try to speed up the contraction time by breaking the monopoly of commodities, so as to reduce the amount of surplus capital. It should be noted that some commodity manufacturers will use political influence, military means and patented technology.
The reason of benign inflation is that the refinement of social division of labor makes products condense the labor value of product producers, and then condenses the labor value of product distributors into commodities in the circulation process. If the labor value of product distributors is overestimated, and its value is overestimated for a long time, it will lead to the phenomenon that social wealth gradually gathers to the workers who provide circulation labor for commodities with benign inflation. There will also be excess capital liquidity. If this kind of product belongs to the daily necessities of ordinary workers, it will directly turn into what is usually considered hyperinflation. Therefore, the key to solve this problem is to recognize the degree of overvaluation of the labor value of workers in circulation and try to reduce this degree. At present, the typical economic phenomenon in China is OEM, also known as OEM.
This paper mainly discusses the causes and solutions of hyperinflation, benign deflation and the transformation from benign inflation to hyperinflation. For goods with hyperinflation, as long as we rationally distribute the fruits of labor according to the principle of distribution according to work, we can put an end to the phenomenon of all-round hyperinflation. We haven't explained hyperinflation and benign deflation. The process of mutual transformation between the three images of benign inflation, because these transformations sometimes do not turn into hyperinflation, if we can study the four images of commodities more deeply and carefully, understand the transformation process of each commodity, and adjust the economy in time, we can prevent the vast majority of hyperinflation in advance.
In a word, the purpose of our study on inflation is to realize distribution according to work and the greatest fairness in the distribution of social wealth. As long as there is unfair distribution in this society, it is impossible to eliminate hyperinflation. Facts show that the most ordinary workers, especially those engaged in traditional industries and the elderly who have lost their labor force and only rely on savings, are the groups suffering from hyperinflation. They are the main body of our society. In order to respect people's labor value, prevent various forms of exploitation and safeguard society,
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