I. Basic concepts and investment procedures of stocks
1. What is a stock?
Stock is a kind of securities issued by a joint-stock company to shareholders to prove its shares. It can be used as transaction object and collateral, and it is one of the main long-term credit tools in the capital market.
2. Stock type
A shares: The official name of A shares is RMB common stock. Ordinary shares issued by domestic companies for domestic institutions, organizations or individuals (excluding investors from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao) to subscribe and trade in RMB;
Classification of A shares:
Blue chip: Blue chip is the stock of a company with excellent performance;
Junk stocks: corresponding to blue-chip stocks, junk stock index refers to the stocks of companies with poor performance;
Blue chip: refers to the shares of large companies that occupy an important leading position in their industries, with excellent performance, active trading and rich dividends;
B shares: also known as RMB special shares. Refers to the special stock registered in Chinese mainland and listed in Chinese mainland. Indicate the face value in RMB, and can only subscribe and trade in foreign currency; Some stocks are also open to trading in Hong Kong dollars;
H shares: also known as state-owned shares, refer to the shares of state-owned enterprises listed in Hong Kong;
N shares: refers to foreign shares registered in Chinese mainland and listed in new york;
S shares: refers to the shares of enterprises whose core business is mainly produced or operated in Chinese mainland, registered in Singapore or other countries and regions, but listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange;
Japan: Nikkei index
Hong Kong: Hang Seng Index
Taiwan Province Province: Taiwan Province Strait Index
United States: Dow Jones index
3. How to open an account?
First, to establish a securities account and a capital account in a securities company, both of them are indispensable before securities trading; Investors buying and selling securities will be truthfully reflected in the securities account. The steps to open an account are as follows:
(1) Purchase an account opening application form from the local securities registration company or its agent and fill it out as required;
(2) Submit the completed account opening application, valid certificates and account opening fees to the staff;
(3) After confirmation, the A-share securities account can be obtained.
B. The securities business department can handle securities accounts in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets for investors, and open capital accounts with the securities accounts already handled. Investors can synchronize the savings cards of the four major state-owned commercial banks of industry, agriculture, China and construction with the fund accounts of the business department, and realize the deposit and withdrawal of funds within the same city through bank-securities transfer;
C. After the securities account is opened, online transactions and telephone transactions can be opened, and online transactions and telephone transactions can be conducted remotely in the future. If online trading is adopted, you can download genuine stock market analysis software and trading software free of charge from the website of securities companies at home;
D. After the account opening formalities are completed, you can start buying and selling stocks on the same day or the next day.
4. Certificates obtained after opening an account
A shareholder card for Shanghai and Shenzhen.
Securities fund account card
Customer information of subsidiary securities
Remember the transaction password and fund password.
5. Expenses and funds required for stock account opening.
The account opening fee for Shanghai A-share account is 40 yuan, and the account opening fee for Shenzhen A-share account is 50 yuan, totaling 90 yuan; Generally speaking, opening a capital account is free. At present, there is no limit to the amount of funds in the fund account.
6. Trading rules
A. When closing a transaction, the principle of price priority: the declaration of buying at a higher price takes precedence over the declaration of buying at a lower price; Statements sold at lower prices have priority over statements sold at higher prices;
B, the stock trading unit is shares, each 100 shares is the first hand, and the entrusted transaction must be carried out with 100 shares or an integer multiple thereof;
C. Price limit: The Exchange imposes price limit on stock trading, with the price ratio of 65,438+00%, in which the price ratio of ST shares, *ST shares and S shares is 5%; On the first day of listing, the stock is not subject to the price limit;
D, T+ 1: T is the trading day, and T+ 1 is the day after the trading day. The so-called T+ 1 means that the stocks bought on the same day cannot be sold on the same day, but can only be sold on the second trading day; However, the stocks sold on the same day can be bought after the transaction returns, that is, the T+0 round of funds, but the withdrawal still has to wait until the next day;
E, T+0: It means that the stocks bought on the same day can be sold, and the stocks sold on the same day can be bought; This is a skill in stock trading, that is, when investors hold part of the stock and part of the cash, they can sell the existing stock at a high level and buy it back at a low level when they fall back. At the close, the number of shares remains unchanged, but the cash in the capital account has increased, and vice versa. They can buy at a low price first and sell at a high price that day.
7. Trading hours
Trading time: Monday to Friday at 9: 30am-11:30am; 1 point-3 pm;
Closing time: weekends and holidays.
8. Transaction costs
A handling fee (commission): the fee that the investor needs to pay to the brokerage firm after the entrusted transaction is completed. Generally, it is 3‰, but now there is vicious competition among many securities companies, so the current handling fee is generally 1- 1.5‰, which is different for each company.
B stamp duty: the tax paid by the investor to the finance and taxation department after the transaction is completed;
C. transfer fees, the commission is basically cancelled.
9. Coding and other types of stocks
A. Shanghai A shares: 600***
Shenzhen A shares: 0 * * * * *; 002 * * small and medium-sized board
Shanghai A shares have more than 800 listed companies; More than 600 A shares in Shenzhen;
B.ST shares: junk shares, which have suffered losses for two consecutive years, and will be delisted in the third year;
*ST shares: losses for three consecutive years, and losses in the second half of the third year, delisting;
S shares: 1 year unchanged shares will be delisted.
C, directly input the stock code and the first letter of the pinyin of the stock name, and you can find the corresponding stock.
Second, the basic knowledge of stocks
1. What is the Shanghai Composite Index?
Shanghai Composite Index, the full name of Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Stock Index, is a widely used statistical index at home and abroad to reflect the overall trend of Shanghai stock market. The Shanghai Composite Index takes "points" as the unit. Shanghai Stock Exchange Index includes Shanghai Stock Exchange A Index and Shanghai Stock Exchange B Index to reflect the respective trends of different stocks (A shares and B shares). Then, secondly, there are sub-indices of Shanghai Stock Exchange, namely industrial index, commercial index, real estate index, public utility index and comprehensive industry index, which reflect the respective trends of stocks in different industries;
2. What is Shenzhen Chengzhi?
Shenzhen Component Stock Index is a component stock index compiled by Shenzhen Stock Exchange. It is a weighted stock index calculated by taking the stocks of 40 listed companies with market representativeness as the calculation object and the tradable shares as the weight, which comprehensively reflects the stock price trend of A and B shares listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
3. About K-line
A.k line: K line, also known as candle map, is said to have originated from18th century rice market in Japan. At that time, Japanese rice merchants used it to express the change of rice price, and then it was introduced into the securities market and became the theory of stock technical analysis. K-line is a columnar line, which consists of shadow lines and entities. The hatched part above the entity is called the upper hatched line and the lower hatched line. Entities are divided into positive and negative lines;
B.k-line chart: K-line records the price changes of the stock in one day. Arrange the daily K-lines in chronological order to form the historical change of stock price, which is called K-line chart;
C. Composition of K-line: It consists of four price points: opening price, closing price, highest price and lowest price; The rectangle in the middle is called a solid. K-line can be divided into daily K-line, weekly K-line and monthly K-line, and minute line and hour line are also commonly used in dynamic stock analysis software. K-line is a special market language, and different forms have different meanings.
D positive line (red): the opening price is lower than the closing price;
E. Yinxian (green): the opening price is higher than the closing price;
F, upper shadow line: thin line on the entity;
G. Undershadow line: a thin line below the entity;
H. Whether the daily K-line is a positive line or a negative line depends on the opening price and closing price of the day, and has nothing to do with the previous market. When the closing price is higher than the opening price, the day is the positive line; When the closing price is lower than the opening price, the day is the negative line; Therefore, it is difficult to judge the future trend of stocks through the intricate yin-yang line;
1. The ups and downs in the K-line chart are positive lines when the opening price is the same as the closing price and higher than yesterday's closing price; When the opening price is the same as the closing price and lower than yesterday's closing price, it is a negative line;
Several forms of H line and K line:
K-line graphic name K-line graphic name
Dayang line xiaoyang line
Big yinxian small yinxian
Shaded positive line. It shows that many parties have encountered resistance on the way up. Yang bowed with a shadow. It reflects that the stock price is supported by the buyer at a low level and the seller is frustrated.
A hatched negative line. Explain that the stock price rises first and then falls. A shaded negative line. Explain that the empty side is powerful.
Use the shadow line to take the positive line. It means that there is pressure on the top and support on the bottom, and the overall buyer has the advantage. The longer the entity, the stronger the strength of many parties. Turning line. Indicates that the opening price and closing price are the same; The upper shadow line indicates that there is a certain pressure above; The lower shadow line indicates that there is some support below;
Take the negative line of the lower shadow line. It means that there is pressure on the top, support on the bottom, and the overall empty side is dominant. The longer the entity, the greater the short-selling power of the empty side. Cross star means that the opening price and closing price are the same, and the long and short forces are temporarily balanced.
4. About the moving average
A. the moving average is also called the moving average. In the daily K-line chart, the white line, the yellow line, the purple line and the green line represent the daily average of: 5, 10, 20 and 60 respectively, but this is not fixed and will be different according to different settings. Because the stock price rises every day, the moving average moves forward;
B, the 5-day moving average is the average of the closing price in the last 5 days; 10 moving average, 20-day moving average, 30-day moving average and so on.
5. About time-sharing graph
A. Time-sharing chart: refers to the dynamic real-time (real-time) time-sharing chart of the market and individual stocks;
B, press F5 to switch the K-line chart and time-sharing chart;
C. market time-sharing chart:
A white curve: the daily real index of the stock exchange;
B yellow curve: the average price or index from the opening of the day to the time point;
C red, green and white column line: the line indicates the turnover per minute, and the unit is hand (100 shares/hand);
D. time-sharing chart of individual stocks:
White curve: indicates the real-time trading price of stocks;
B yellow curve: represents the average price of the stock in real-time trading, that is, the total transaction amount of the day divided by the total number of shares traded;
C red, green and white column line: the line indicates the turnover per minute, and the unit is hand (100 shares/hand);
III. Explanation of stock market terms/nouns
1, a common term in software:
Cheng Jiao: The latest transaction price;
Price fluctuation: the difference between the current transaction price and the closing price of the previous trading day;
Rising range: the rising range of the current trading price relative to the closing price of the previous trading day (%);
(current transaction price-yesterday's closing price)/yesterday's closing price * 100%
Total amount: that is, the total transaction amount. The total amount from the transaction date to the current transaction;
Total amount: the total number of transactions from the trading day to the present;
Highest: the highest transaction price since the opening of the day;
Lowest: the lowest transaction price since the opening of the day;
Average price: current total transaction amount/total number of shares traded;
Spot price: current share price;
Opening price: the transaction price of the first transaction of the day is the opening price of the day; It is also "open today";
Closing price: the transaction price of the last transaction before the closing of the day;
Buy: the number of purchases at five price points;
Sell: the quantity sold at five price points;
Volume: reflecting the number of transactions;
Inner disk: for transactions with buying price, count the buying times and add them to the inner disk, that is, take the initiative to sell;
Outer disk: Deal at selling price. The number of sales statistics is added to the external disk, that is, active buying;
If the number of external disks is greater than the number of internal disks, the buyer is stronger; If the number of inner disks is greater than the number of outer disks, the seller is stronger;
Floor area ratio: it is an index to measure the relative turnover rate. It is the ratio of the average turnover per minute after the opening of the market to the average turnover per minute in the past five trading days. When the equivalence ratio is less than 1, it means that the current transaction is not as good as the average level of the past five days, and vice versa;
Commission rate: an indicator to measure the relative strength of a purchase order within a period of time;
Commission ratio = (the difference between the total number of clients and the total number of clients)/(the sum of the total number of clients and the total number of clients) × 100%
The commission ratio ranges from+100% to-100%. When the commission ratio is positive and large, it shows that the market buying is strong; When the commission ratio is negative and the negative value is large, it shows that the market selling is strong; The commission ratio ranges from-100% to+100%, indicating a process in which buying is gradually strengthened and selling is gradually weakened. On the contrary, from+100% to-100%, the process of buying gradually weakened and selling gradually strengthened;
Total number of lots: the total number of transactions from the opening to the instant of the day;
Current hands: the total number of hands in the latest stock transaction;
Price-earnings ratio: the ratio of current market price per share to after-tax profit per share; P/E ratio = share price/after-tax profit per share.
The higher the stock price, the higher the P/E ratio; The higher the net income per share, the lower the price-earnings ratio; In general, it is normal to keep the ratio between 20 and 30. If it is too small, it means that the stock price is low and the risk is small, so it is worth buying. If it is too large, it means that the stock price is high and risky, so be cautious when buying;
Turnover rate: turnover rate is the ratio of the number of shares traded on the same day to the total number of outstanding shares, which is one of the indicators reflecting the strength of stock liquidity; The greater the turnover, the higher the turnover rate, which is in direct proportion. Turnover rate = turnover/total circulating share capital;
● Below 3%, it is very common, indicating that there is no big strength fund operating in it, and the transaction is sluggish;
Between 3% and 7%, the stock has entered a relatively active trading state;
● Between 7%- 10%, it often appears in strong stocks and belongs to a highly active state of stock price trend;
● 10%- 15% or more, very active, but at the same time beware of the suspicion of main shipment;
Capital stock: it is also the total capital stock, that is, circulating capital stock+non-circulating capital stock;
Net capital: that is, net assets per share, which is the percentage rate obtained by dividing the company's after-tax profit by net assets; The greater the net asset value per share, the stronger the wealth represented by each share, and the stronger the ability to create profits and resist the influence of external factors;
Earnings: Earnings per share, earnings per share = after-tax profit (net profit)/total share capital. This ratio reflects the after-tax profit created per share. The higher the ratio, the more profits are created. It is one of the important indexes to measure the value of stock investment.
Liquidity: The shares of listed companies can generally be divided into tradable shares and non-tradable shares. The number of shares we can trade in the market is tradable shares, and non-tradable shares mainly refer to state shares and legal person shares that cannot be listed and circulated for the time being;
3. Technical terms:
Primary market: stock issuance market;
Secondary market: a market for buying and selling stocks;
Fundamentals: Fundamentals include macroeconomic operation and basic information of listed companies. The fundamentals of listed companies include financial status, profitability, market share, management system and talent composition.
Policy: refers to the specific policies of the state on the securities market, such as the stock market expansion policy, trading rules, transaction cost regulations, etc. ;
Technical aspects: technical indicators, trend patterns and K-line combinations reflecting price changes;
Bull market: refers to the stock market with more buyers than sellers, and the stock market is bullish. Also called bull market;
Bear market: refers to the stock market with more sellers than buyers, and the stock market is bearish. Also called short market;
Large family: large investors, such as consortia, trust companies and other groups or individuals with huge funds;
Middle household: refers to investors with large investment;
Chip preparation: investors hold a certain number of stocks;
Retail investor: a small investor who buys and sells stocks in small amounts.
Bulls: people who are optimistic about the stock market prospects, buy stocks first, wait for the stock price to rise to a certain price, and sell stocks to earn the difference;
Short position: refers to investors who think that the stock price has risen to the highest point and will soon fall, or when the stock has begun to fall, they think that it will continue to fall and sell at a high price;
Profit-taking: factors and news that push the stock price down and are beneficial to bears;
Lido: it is a factor and news that stimulates the stock price to rise and is beneficial to bulls;
Lock-in: it means that the stock price is expected to rise, but it will fall all the way after buying;
Dark horse: refers to a stock whose share price has doubled or multiplied in a certain period of time.
Cutting meat: also known as lightening positions, the stock price falls after buying stocks, and investors sell stocks at low prices to avoid expanding losses;
Jiancang: investors began to buy bull stocks;
Liquidation: the behavior of investors selling stocks in the stock market;
Short position: refers to the state that investors throw out all the stocks they hold and hold cash in their hands without stocks;
Stop loss: when the loss of an investment reaches a predetermined amount, it means to cut the position in time to avoid the loss from expanding;
Up (down) stop: the maximum range of stock price up (down) in one day specified by the exchange is the percentage of the previous day's closing price, and it cannot exceed this limit, otherwise the trading will be automatically stopped (for example, the limit of ordinary stock is 10% and that of ST stock is 5%);
Support: when the stock market is depressed and the popularity is insufficient, large institutional investors buy a lot of stocks to prevent the stock market from falling further;
Deactivation: A stock exchange suspends its trading in the stock market because the stock price keeps rising or falling due to certain news or activities. Resumption of trading on the exchange after the situation is clarified or the enterprise returns to normal;
Grab short-term: expect the stock price to rise, buy at a low price and sell at a high price in the short term; It is expected that the stock price will fall, first sell at a high price and then buy back at a low price;
Recent trend: 20-30 days is the recent trend;
Eating goods: refers to the banker secretly buying stocks at low prices;
Selling goods: refers to the dealer quietly selling stocks at high prices;
Restricted shares: non-tradable shares that have obtained circulation rights after the share reform are called restricted shares because of the limitation of circulation period and circulation ratio;
Right and wrong: refers to the restricted shares accounting for more than 5% of the total share capital, which can be circulated two years after the share-trading reform;
Small non: refers to the restricted shares that account for less than 5% of the total share capital, and can be circulated after one year of share reform.
Block trading: Generally speaking, the trading scale is very large, far exceeding the average trading scale of the market. If the declaration of a single transaction reaches a certain amount, the exchange may adopt the mode of block trading.
Ex-rights: When issuing dividends or bonuses, stock issuing enterprises need to consult the register of shareholders and convene a general meeting of shareholders in advance, so it is stipulated that the list of registered shareholders on a certain day shall prevail, and a period after that date shall be announced as the time limit for stopping the transfer of shareholders;
Ex-dividend: Ex-dividend, like ex-dividend, is also a regulation during the suspension of transfer: that is, during the suspension of transfer, new shareholders cannot enjoy the capital increase and equity allocation of this stock. Equity distribution means that when a joint-stock company issues new shares to increase capital, the original shareholders have the priority to subscribe or subscribe;
Registration date: set the date for the listed company to distribute dividends or issue shares;
Stock index futures: the full name of stock index futures refers to the standardized futures contract with the stock price index as the subject matter. The two sides agreed that they can buy and sell the underlying index on a specific date in the future according to the size of the stock price index determined in advance.
Stabilization fund: a fund legally established by the government through specific institutions (CSRC, Ministry of Finance, Exchange, etc.). ), through the reverse operation of a specific market, reduce irrational market fluctuations, so as to achieve the purpose of stabilizing the market.
Margin trading: refers to the business activities of securities companies to buy securities or sell securities through margin trading from customers, and customers deposit corresponding securities trading collateral at stock exchanges or other securities trading places approved by the State Council.
Financing: refers to investors who use part of their own funds as a guarantee to integrate funds into securities companies or securities finance companies to buy securities, commonly known as "short selling";
Securities lending: refers to investors who pay a certain percentage of margin to borrow securities from securities companies or securities finance companies and sell them, and then buy securities and return them to securities companies or securities finance companies within a certain period of time in the future, commonly known as "short selling".
3. Terms of stock form:
Back to the file: in the upward trend, the stock price rises too fast and falls back to adjust the price;
Bottom rebound: when the stock price continues to fall to a certain price, it stops falling and rises once or several times;
Washing dishes: it is a means by which the main force manipulates the stock market and deliberately depresses the stock price. In order to raise the stock price and make a profit, the stock price is lowered sharply first, causing a large number of retail investors to panic and sell stocks, and then raise the stock price to make a profit;
Rectification: after the stock price rises or falls rapidly, it changes slightly due to resistance or support and changes hands;
Stress: an abnormal way to greatly depress the stock price. Usually, large households buy in large quantities after being suppressed to make huge profits;
Rebound: refers to the phenomenon that the stock price sometimes rises temporarily with the support of the buyer because of the rapid decline in the falling market;
Step empty: investors are bearish on the market outlook. After selling the stock, the stock price rises all the way, so they can't buy it in time, so they can't make a profit;
Water jump: refers to the rapid decline of stock price, much higher than the lowest price of the previous trading day;
Gap: the stock market is affected by strong bullish or news, the opening price is higher or lower than the closing price of the previous trading day, and there is a gap in the stock price trend, which is called gap;
Fill the gap: fill the gap in the trend after the stock price, which is called filling the gap;
Head: when the stock price rises to a certain price, it will fall due to resistance;
Disk stall: refers to investors who are not active in buying and selling, but take a wait-and-see attitude, so that the stock price changes little on that day;
Breakthrough: a price fluctuation caused by the stock price after a period of time;
Consolidation: the stock price fluctuates within a limited range, generally referring to fluctuations within the range of 5% up and down;
The above contents are collected according to the light smoke and broken shadows.