Jin Yunhe, a chemist and bast fiber expert. He devoted all his life to the research of ramie fiber, founded ramie chemical degumming and ramie modified fiber technology, promoted the industrialization process of ramie production and made achievements for the establishment and development of cellulose chemistry in China.
Jin Yunhe, whose real name is Qin Fang, was born in a poor peasant family in Lijin County, Shandong Province on 1899. Because of her strong desire to study and hard work, she was admitted to Beijing Women's Teachers College with the first place in 192 1, and graduated from 1925. 1927 was officially admitted by Shandong province, studying in the United States, majoring in chemical engineering at Ohio University. A year later, she got a master's degree and a doctor's degree in chemical engineering at 193 1, becoming the first female student in Ohio University to get a doctor's degree in chemical engineering. From 65438 to 0932, he returned to China and served as a professor of chemistry in yenching university for one year. 1933 ——1936 She went to Europe for further study and brought raw materials such as bamboo, sorghum stalk, straw and hemp fiber from her motherland. She devoted herself to research with the equipment of Berlin rayon machinery experimental factory, and it took only two years to extract rayon from straw fiber pulp. Since 1935, he has been engaged in the research of ramie fiber, and Jinyun crane has formed an indissoluble bond with ramie fiber since then.
1936 After returning to China, Jin Yunhe continued to devote himself to the research of ramie fiber in Nanjing, Chongqing, Hong Kong and other places, and invented the chemical degumming process of "acid first before alkali, boiling first before boiling, bleaching first or bleaching later". 1939, Southwest Chemical Plant, the first ramie spinning mill in China, was established in Chongqing. With the chemical degumming process of ramie invented by her, a large number of "Yunsi" products were produced instead of cotton, which contributed to solving the problem of people's clothing during the Anti-Japanese War. In Chongqing, Comrade Mao Zedong received Jinyun Crane twice. Deng, Dong, Ye Jianying and other leading comrades often meet with her and listen to her report on the development of textile industry by using hemp fiber.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Jin Yunhe fled the persecution of the Kuomintang in Hongkong. She resolutely gave up her passport and boat ticket to the United States and went from Hongkong to Beijing to attend the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Conference and founding ceremony. She was elected to the National People's Congress for three consecutive times and was appointed as an adviser to the Manufacturing Bureau of the Ministry of Textile Industry (later changed to the Production Technology Department and the Mao Bureau).
In the early days of the People's Republic of China, Jin Yunhe went to work in Guangdong at the invitation of Comrade Ye Jianying. 1958, Guangzhou Institute of Applied Chemistry, China Academy of Sciences was established, where it continued its research on hemp fiber and trained a group of talents, making it one of the earliest scientific research units in China to carry out hemp fiber research.
1964, Jinyun crane succeeded in the study of chemical denaturation of ramie fiber, which made ramie fiber spin and weave with various fibers on the existing machine for the first time and entered the ranks of high-grade goods.
1 971July1day, Ye Jianying and Deng Xiaoping met with Jinyun crane respectively, which greatly encouraged her. From 65438 to 0978, Jin Yunhe was elected as the Standing Committee of the Fifth CPPCC and attended the National Science Conference. Jinyun Crane1979 * * joined China. In the same year, Jin Yunhe was transferred from Guangzhou to Shanghai to continue the research on ramie denaturation technology and production. The new technology of sulfonated ramie denaturation won the third prize of national scientific and technological invention in May 198 1.
From 1980 to 1985, Jin Yunhe led the construction of Shanghai Ramie New Technology Factory (later renamed Shanghai Ramie Textile Factory), which was completed in 1985 and became a professional factory combining scientific research with production of denatured ramie.
After 1983, the demand for ramie fabrics in the international market is increasing day by day, and the planting and industrial production of ramie in China are also expanding rapidly. This great situation inspired Jin Yunhe, who forgot to make friends and traveled all over the country to guide and carry out the dyeing and finishing of ramie degummed and denatured textiles. There are footprints of Jinyun Crane in Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Jiangxi, Gansu, Beijing, Sichuan, Guangxi and Xinjiang.
During the 50 years from 1938 to 1988, Jin Yunhe devoted all his energy to the hemp industry and made great contributions to the development and utilization of hemp fibers and the revitalization of the national hemp textile industry.
1988 12 14 Jin Yunhe died in Guangzhou at the age of 89.
Founder of ramie chemical degumming
In China, ramie fiber has been used for twisting and weaving for thousands of years, but the raw materials used have always followed the ancient retting method: the ramie skin cut from the field is scraped, soaked in water, naturally fermented, beaten, washed and dried to obtain ramie fiber.
When Jin Yunhe used grass fiber as rayon abroad, she found that ramie containing a lot of gum is a very good fiber material, but the problem of how to completely remove the gum from ramie has been hovering in her mind. 1936 After returning to China, Jin Yunhe visited the main ramie producing areas in Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other countries during his tenure as Commissioner of the Central Economic Committee of Nanjing National Government, and made a detailed investigation on the planting, production, varieties and properties of ramie, and then began an experimental study on chemical degumming of ramie. During Chongqing 1937, the degumming experiment of Jinyun River was carried out with coarse chemical equipment. After 8 years of hard research, the method of uniform degumming of ramie raw materials was finally found. Jin Yunhe summarized it as a new chemical degumming process of "acid first, then alkali, two boiling, one bleaching or two bleaching". After chemical degumming, ramie fiber is white, clean, loose and shiny, and its shape is like clear sky and white clouds, so Jinyun Crane named it "Yunsi".
Jin Yunhe wrote in Yun Chuan (a report in 1939): "The year after I returned to China, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, and all agricultural products were hard to export, especially Hankou. There was no way out, and farmers complained. I am suitable to go to Hong Kong to cross the Han Dynasty at this time, and I am deeply impressed by this phenomenon. I think the demand for cotton textiles will definitely increase greatly during my stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. It is a big problem for the Anti-Japanese War if we can replace cotton with surplus hemp, enrich textile raw materials and help the countryside effectively at the same time. With this emotion and purpose, I am determined to engage in fiber production. " 1939, Jin Yunhe used her new chemical degumming process to process ramie in Chongqing Southwest Chemical Plant (hereinafter referred to as Southwest Chemical Plant) and made "Yunsi" brand ramie fiber. The appearance of "Yunsi" caused a great shock. At that time, it was approved by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Chongqing National Government for five years. Southwest Chemical Plant once purchased a set of Indian small spinning machines with a capital of 6,543,800 yuan at that time to make cotton substitutes, such as silk scarves, silk fabrics, silk wadding, cushions and mattresses. , especially yunsi cotton wadding and wadding. During their stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Jinyun River and Southwest Chemical Plant made certain contributions to solving the problems of people's food, clothing, housing and transportation. 1942 1 At the exhibition jointly organized by Qianchuan Factory, Yunsi fiber and its products were highly appreciated. Lin Sen, then chairman of Chongqing National Government, dubbed Yunsi Cotton Tire "Spring in the Snow". Mr. Huang Yanpei also has an inscription, praising "the clouds are rolling and the clouds are comfortable, the things are moist and silent, and the cold people meet them, and the snow meets the spring." Soon, the news spread abroad, and an American capitalist heard about it and wanted to get a patent for "chemical degumming". Jin Yunhe's attitude is the same as before, leaving "patents" to his own country.
The birth of ramie chemical degumming technology developed by Jin Yunhe ended the ancient manual retting system. Compared with manual degumming, chemical degumming has short time and high efficiency, which can not only ensure the quality of degummed ramie fiber, but also meet the needs of industrial production.
Invent a new technology of ramie denaturation
Ramie fiber has many characteristics such as air permeability, moisture absorption and quick drying. After chemical degumming, ramie fiber retains these properties and is clean and white. However, there are still many shortcomings, such as stiff fiber, lack of elasticity, easy wrinkling, fuzzing, poor cohesion and difficulty in dyeing. In order to overcome these shortcomings, Jinyunhe used "alkali denaturation method" to modify ramie as early as Southwest Chemical Plant, which produced certain effects: the fiber was softer, the spinnability was improved, the carding yield was improved and the cost was reduced. However, alkali-modified fibers still have many shortcomings. At the beginning of 1960, in order to keep the characteristics of ramie fiber and overcome its shortcomings, Jinyun crane designed a semi-viscose modification method, namely sulfonation modification, according to the guiding ideology that modified ramie fiber does not hurt its bones. She personally led a group of young scientific and technological personnel, and after five years of hard research and experiments, she finally explored a set of practical sulfonation denaturation process. The modified fiber made by this method has the following advantages: smooth and straight fiber becomes curly and fluffy; Soft and elastic; Fiber cohesion increases; The color absorption and spinnability of dyeing are enhanced. After denaturation, the elongation at break increased by 3 times and the hygroscopicity increased by 50%. After denaturation, the strength of single fiber decreases, but it has no obvious effect on spinning, weaving and finished product strength.
1in the spring of 963, the research work of sulfonation and denaturation was supported by Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau, and the sulfonation and denaturation expansion tests of ramie fiber and ramie cloth were carried out in Shanghai Anle Rayon Factory (now Chemical Fiber No.4 Factory). The trial spinning of modified ramie fiber in Shanghai No.3 Wool Textile Factory, Shanghai Silk Textile Factory and No.9 Cotton Textile Factory further proves that the modified ramie fiber is easy to operate on textile equipment and the fabric feels smooth and elastic. 1965, No.9 Cotton Mill spun 20tex(50 count), 16.67 tex (60 count) and 14.29 tex (70 count) pure linen yarns. Then Shanghai Sanmao Factory made five kinds of yarn-dyed products with different specifications, such as wool, linen and wool polyester. Shanghai Mao Yi blended modified ramie fiber with wool and artificial wool respectively to produce two export varieties. According to the results of trial spinning and trial weaving in the above three factories, it is once again proved that sulfonated modified fibers are feasible for textile dyeing and finishing, and their finished products are excellent.
Just as the expansion test and production of sulfonated modified fiber were further planned, the "Cultural Revolution" began, and Jinyun Crane was persecuted by individuals, and the accumulated valuable materials and samples were destroyed. But her determination to study transgender marijuana has not wavered. She continued to work in Nanning until 1973. Life was hard at that time. A 70-year-old man goes to work in Guangxi Sima Research Institute by taking a field path every morning. Without professional equipment, according to the requirements of sulfonation and denaturation process, Jin Yunhe and her young assistant jointly put forward the mechanical design scheme. She did everything by herself during the experiment. Wearing a bib and protective gloves, she stood in the laboratory for seven or eight hours every day for several weeks to guide her work. After many experiments, it finally succeeded. She personally verified the experimental data.
During the period of 1963- 1982, under the direct organization and leadership of Jinyun crane, more than ten expansion tests of ramie sulfonated modified fiber spinning, weaving, dyeing and finishing were carried out successively. Try to make all kinds of linen blended fabrics reach 100 km or more. 1979 ——1982 in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing and other places, there have been enthusiastic scenes of people scrambling to buy, especially in Nanjing, which is unprecedented and strongly reflected. Manufacturers from the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Hong Kong, Macao and other countries and regions have come to Shanghai for goods many times. Because there was no transsexual professional factory at that time, they could not produce and supply in time.
From 65438 to 0979, Jin Yunhe was transferred from Guangzhou to Shanghai at the invitation of Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau. Her first task is to expand the industrial production of sulfonated modified ramie and the research and use of its fibers. 198 1 According to her request, the Ministry of Textile Industry and the Shanghai Planning Commission approved the establishment of a factory to study and produce denatured hemp. The Ministry of Textile Industry, Shanghai Textile Bureau and Shanghai Maoma Company raised 5.06 million yuan to build Shanghai Ramie New Technology Factory (later renamed Shanghai Ramie Textile Factory), and in February of 1985 and 1985, ramie denaturation workshops were built according to the new sulfonation denaturation process of Jinyun River. The denaturing equipment is designed and manufactured by Shanghai Hudong Textile Machinery Factory, with an annual output of sulfonated denatured hemp 100 tons. After five years' efforts, the sulfonation and denaturation workshop completed the pilot test of process equipment, and produced nearly 200 kinds of worsted and woolen fabrics, sweaters, T-shirts, shirts and other denatured linen blended products in six categories by using our wool and linen textile equipment, making ramie textiles made of denatured linen materials enter the ranks of high-grade textiles for the first time and begin to export abroad.
Sulfonated modified ramie fiber failed to enter mass production after completing the pilot test of the equipment, mainly because there are still defects in the equipment during the process; In production, harmful gases will be produced. Although strict sealing measures and waste gas recovery system are set up, the operation is complicated, the cost is high and the efficiency is low, which needs further improvement and research.
Make a lifetime contribution to the development and utilization of hemp fiber.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jin Yunhe was full of energy. She was thinking: there is hope for the development of hemp. Because she proved with personal experience that it is impossible for Nanjing National Government to really develop industry. 1In September, 1949, she wrote "Opinions on Popularizing Ramie", introduced the history, origin, planting and use of ramie in detail, and discussed the relationship between popularizing ramie planting and the economic development of new China. She thinks that to develop ramie textile industry, we must first develop chemical degumming production of ramie, and suggests establishing ramie fiber refinery. Soon, Shanghai No.9 Cotton Textile Factory was selected for pilot production of ramie degumming, pure spinning, blending and weaving, and the refined ramie fiber was sent to cotton mills, silk spinning mills and wool spinning mills for trial production, which achieved gratifying results and made samples of various ramie textile products and semi-finished products.
1950, according to the opinions of the Ministry of Textile Industry, Jin Yunhe went to Shanghai to carry out cotton and linen blending experiments, spun blended yarn on a small cotton spinning machine with the experience accumulated during the Anti-Japanese War, and carried out experiments in Shanghai Guomian No.2 Factory, No.6 Factory, No.9 Factory and Printing No.2 Factory, and achieved good results. 1October 22nd,1958,65438 wrote the Preliminary Summary of Ramie-Cotton Blending Test, which promoted the production of ramie blended varieties later.
1981June 15, she wrote "Several Opinions on Making Full Use of Abundant Resources of Apocynum venetum, Hemp and Jute", which showed her special concern for the motherland's hemp fiber. In June of the same year, she wrote my investigation and understanding of ramie textile industry during the adjustment period. The following year, Jin Yunhe personally visited the local flax and flax in Lanzhou to guide the degumming production of flax and flax, and spun a batch of high-grade textiles of cotton, flax and wool with chemically degummed fibers. Soon he came to Dongping County, Shandong Province, to care for and encourage the factory to engage in the research and trial production of hemp degumming.
From 65438 to 0984, Jin Yunhe was hired by Governor Huang Zhizhen of Hubei Province as a textile technical consultant of Hubei Province. I visited Huangshi and Xianning, the main ramie producing areas in Hubei Province, for many times to give specific guidance on the rational utilization of raw ramie and degumming and denaturation technology. And help the jute warp spinning mill in Jianli County of this province get rid of the dependence on imported raw materials from Japan, make warp yarns from chemically degummed jute fibers, and then weave them into mats for export abroad. In the past five years, the profit has increased at an average annual rate of 1.77%, which has saved a lot of foreign exchange for the country.
From 1980 to 1985, Jin Yunhe spent more time in Xiaba commune, Gaochun County, Jiangsu Province, helping to introduce Guangxi ramie variety Black Pea and Hunan "Xiangzhou 1" to expand the planting of improved varieties, and to study the planting and fiber fineness and strength of ramie produced. After four years of hard work, she summed up the rational planting and improvement of improved varieties. At the same time, she won the help of Shanghai Textile Industry Bureau and Maoma Company, and set up a ramie degumming plant with an annual output of 1000 tons with loans from the commune. Yunhe and her assistant directly participated in the preparation of the factory and the guidance of technology and technology, and trained technical talents for the local area. The factory was put into operation in 1984, which directly linked agriculture, industry and trade and created conditions for Shanghai to provide high-quality ramie degummed fiber.
"The life of a scientist belongs to science, to the motherland and to the people." This is a sentence that Jin Yunhe often says, which is used to spur himself and educate many scientific and technological personnel engaged in the linen industry. 1978 when she returned to work in Shanghai, she still actively tried to join China, and finally got her wish at the age of 80. Regardless of her sick health, she still works hard day and night to develop and guide the hemp textile industry in the motherland. As Hao Jianxiu, deputy director of the State Planning Commission and former Minister of Textile Industry, said in his congratulatory letter to Jin Yunhe on his ninetieth birthday (according to local customs), "You have devoted all your energy to the development and utilization of hemp fiber, and achieved remarkable results, making contributions to China's textile industry! You are a famous bast fiber expert in China. Your indomitable perseverance in scientific and technological research and your spirit of painstaking efforts in developing hemp fiber, a special product of the motherland, are all examples for us to learn. "