1On June 30th, 908, there was a loud noise on the Tunguska River in Siberia, Russia, and a huge mushroom cloud rose in the sky, and a strong white light appeared in the sky. The temperature is scorching in an instant, and its destructive power is later estimated to be equivalent to the power of 1000 atomic bombs. Around 2 square kilometers were razed to the ground and 80 million trees were destroyed. According to the local nomadic Ewenki people, the shock wave formed by the explosion lifted houses and animals into the air.
In Irkutsk, which is 0/500 km away from the Big Bang/KLOC-,this event recorded by seismic sensors is considered as a major earthquake. Even after a day, the fireball still illuminates the surrounding area, and Londoners can even read newspapers under the night sky.
What caused the so-called Tunguska Big Bang? A few years later, Semenoff, who narrowly escaped the disaster, recalled: "That morning, the northern sky suddenly split in two, and the whole northern forest area was shrouded in flames. There is a hot wind blowing from the north, which is burning and my shirt is on fire.
At the same time, there was a loud bang in the sky, and I was thrown more than 6 meters away and suddenly lost consciousness. Later, the sky brightened, and another hot wind blew from the north ... "The Big Bang caused a huge vibration, which was recorded by European and American seismographs, and the geomagnetic instruments were also obviously disturbed.
The explosion equivalent was 6.5438+million tons of TNT, and the explosion center caused 60,000 trees to fall and 654.38+0,500 reindeer to die. 1927, the Soviet Academy of Sciences sent an expedition to Tunguska.
At first, the local people didn't want to be guides, because they thought it was a disaster caused by the devil, in order to punish mankind. Professor Culic thinks this is caused by meteorites.
However, he didn't find a crater or a broken meteorite during the investigation. Although he has always insisted on his own opinion, there is no evidence.
Second, is Hu really just a buffoon in history? Hu (? ~ 1380), from Dingyuan, Anhui.
1355 (the first year of Longfeng) voted for Zhu Yuanzhang. ? V is the main book, magistrate, judge, judge, etc.
1373 (the sixth year of Hongwu), he was promoted to the right prime minister and later to the left prime minister. Hongwu was killed for treason in thirteen years.
Mao pursued his henchmen, and a large number of founding fathers such as Li Shanchang were implicated, and more than 30,000 people were involved in the death, which is known as the "Hu case" in history. One of the founding counselors of the Ming Dynasty, Fengyang Dingyuan (now Anhui) was born.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Hu won the trust of Zhu Yuanzhang and was appointed as the prime minister, monopolizing the power of Zhongshu Province. During his tenure as prime minister, relying on the emperor's favor, his arrogance gradually emerged, and he was fearless in the DPRK, and he formed a party for personal gain, which posed a great threat to the imperial power.
In order to save Ben and abolish the prime minister, Zhu Yuanzhang gradually weakened the power in Hu's hands after careful consideration and various reforms, and the struggle between the relative power and the imperial power intensified. Hu planned an uprising for this and was later accused. Zhu Yuanzhang took this opportunity to kill Hu and his family.
Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang has carried out mass slaughter in the name of eliminating anti-Party, and more than 30,000 people have been punished. He hasn't been quiet for more than ten years, and he has also made a "Revealing the Traitor Record" and published it to the world. After Hu's downfall, Zhu Yuanzhang went to Zhongshu Province, promoted six ministers, changed the governor's office to the governor's office of five armies, and was directly responsible to the emperor, and customized it to have no prime minister.
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3. The famous Tunguska Big Bang in the last century: What happened in the end? Mystery of the Tunguska Big Bang ~ ~1In the early morning of July 30, 908, the dawn over the Indian Ocean was slightly exposed and the fog began to disperse.
Suddenly, a huge monster broke into the earth's atmosphere from nine days away, and then rushed to the far north of the earth with lightning speed. Not long after, there was an earth-shattering noise in the Tunguska region of central Siberia, and a mushroom-like billowing smoke went straight to the sky of 12 miles. The scorching air billow swept through the vast coniferous forest one after another, and the raging forest fire burned for several days.
This is the famous Tunguska Big Bang in history. Thousands of kilometers away, Britain recorded the fluctuation of atmospheric infrasound pressure during the explosion. The mysterious explosion was so powerful that the earthquake caused by the explosion spread to Washington, Java, Indonesia and other places in the United States.
At the same time, its powerful shock wave passed through the North Sea, causing the British Meteorological Center to monitor the violent fluctuation of atmospheric pressure for about 20 minutes. The big bang filled the skies of Siberia and northern Europe with rare silver clouds shining brightly. Every day after sunset, thousands of rays of sunshine are released from the night sky.
So, what caused such a huge explosion? This problem deeply attracts scientists in astronomy, earth science, meteorology, seismology and chemistry. After the big explosion in Tunguska, a huge crater in Wells Land, Arizona, USA, people naturally linked it with the fact that the explosion was caused by a meteorite hitting the earth. But the fact is not so simple.
In the early 1920s, Americans found some meteorites containing iron oxide, nickel, platinum and iridium near the crater in Wellesland, Arizona. In order to obtain rare metals, they began to explore craters on a large scale. Soon, this open-controlled meteorite fever spread to the Soviet Union.
192 1 year, led by Colic, a 38-year-old Soviet mineralogist, conducted the first field scientific investigation in Tunguska. For the underdeveloped Tunguska people, this big explosion is sacred, and many people think it is God's punishment for them.
So when it comes to the explosion, they are all secretive and have uneasy expressions on their faces. However, they were finally persuaded by scientists, and witnesses vividly described the whole story of the Big Bang.
That morning, people saw a huge fireball falling from the sky. The fireball is like a cylindrical tube, and the whole body emits dazzling blue and white light, which makes people hard to open their eyes. Then there was an unprecedented explosion in history, with dust flying around Tunguska, flames soaring, forests destroyed, people and animals wiped out, and the skin of the surviving reindeer grew an unprecedented scabies.
Crick's team searched for craters for Fafa and braved the cold of MINUS 40 degrees Fahrenheit to go deep into Siberia. On the banks of Makotai River in Tunguska region, what we can see is the unprecedented post-robbery tragedy caused by the mysterious big bang.
Disappointingly, however, there is no big crater like Arizona in the United States. There are only dozens of large and small flat caves, of which the largest diameter is only 150 feet. Even if the drill bit was drilled into the soil 75 feet deep in these caves for detection, no meteorite fragments were even found.
Therefore, people began to realize that the Tunguska Big Bang was not caused by meteorites. Where is the cause of the nuclear explosion? 1945 In August, at the end of World War II, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb that shocked the world in Hiroshima, Japan.
The atomic bomb exploded at an altitude of 1800 feet above the ground, which brought great disaster to the people of Hiroshima. However, the scene of Hiroshima's atomic bomb destruction unexpectedly gave new enlightenment to scientists who studied the Tunguska Big Bang.
Thunder-like explosions, towering pillars of fire, mushroom-like smoke clouds, as well as violent earthquakes, powerful shock waves and light radiation. This series of phenomena is almost similar to the Tunguska Big Bang.
What's even more amazing is that people in Hiroshima, like Tunguska reindeer, have strange scabies on their skin due to strong atomic radiation. At the same time, radioactive materials were also found in trees near the Tunguska Big Bang.
Therefore, Alexander cassatt, a Soviet military engineering expert, boldly put forward a new viewpoint that the 1908 Tunguska Big Bang was the first thermonuclear explosion. Cassatt's unique insights make many scientists feel incredible.
However, after all, everyone accepted this view. To this end, many people have racked their brains and quoted classics to speculate on the cause of this strange nuclear explosion. Some people think that the Tunguska Big Bang was caused by the earth hitting a small antimatter in space.
Others think that the Tunguska Big Bang was probably caused by the collision between the earth and the universe caused by a tiny black hole. After the explosion, the black hole bounced back to the universe and left. However, neither the antimatter hypothesis nor the black hole view can explain the tubular shape of this alien monster before the explosion, and its slow speed of rushing to the earth after entering the atmosphere.
The Tunguska Big Bang remains a puzzling and unpredictable mystery. Convincing answer 1946, cassatt not only affirmed that the Tunguska Big Bang was a nuclear explosion, but even more surprisingly, he put forward such a bold speculation for the first time: the mysterious monster of the Tunguska Big Bang was the first spacecraft to visit our earth.
At that time, let alone others, even cassatt himself had to admit that this speculation was purely scientific fantasy. In the late 1950s, scientists enlarged the soil collected in the Tunguska Big Bang area and found spherical silicic acid compounds and magnetite.
They are only a few millimeters in size, some magnetite particles stick together, and some even drill into transparent silicate particles. These particles will only stick together at extremely high temperatures.
This material is undoubtedly the most ideal explosion-proof material for manufacturing spacecraft shells. Soon, thousands of shiny balls were found in the underground and trees in Tunguska area, which were deeply embedded like bullets.
After analysis, metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper and germanium were found in these pellets. This seems to indicate that copper comes from the instrument wires of that ship, while germanium may come from it.
Fourth, what happened to Hu in history? Hu case.
In the sixth year of Hongwu (1373), Li Shanchang, the leader of Huaixi School, recommended Hu as the right prime minister. In September, the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), Hu was promoted to Prime Minister Zuo. He served as prime minister for seven years. During his tenure, he planted cronies in all parts of North Korea and spared no effort to crack down on dissidents, thus expanding the power of Huaixi Group. For example, Liu Ji (Zibowen), a native of Qingtian, Zhejiang Province, once assisted Zhu Yuanzhang and made great contributions, but he has never been reused because of his contradiction with Huaixi School. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), Zhu Yuanzhang was a hero, and Liu Ji was only named as a sincere man, with an age of only 240 stone. . Li Shanchang was named Gong Koryo at the age of 4,000 stones. The following year, Liu Ji retired and returned to China. However, because he once told Zhu Yuanzhang that Hu was not suitable for being an official, he was very jealous of Zhu Yuanzhang and was dismissed? . In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Liu Ji fell ill and Hu sent a doctor to see a doctor, but Liu Ji died soon after taking the medicine.
Of course, excluding dissidents is not the key to the Hu case. In fact, the crux of the Hu case lies in his arbitrariness. Many major cases, such as life and death, are often handled without asking Zhu Yuanzhang. This naturally made Zhu Yuanzhang, who had a strong desire for power, deeply feel the crisis of the decline of the autocratic power of the prime minister and the imperial power.
In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), in the first month, Prime Minister Hu called Liquan Well auspicious in his former residence and invited Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Emperor, to watch it. Zhu Yuanzhang gladly went to Xihuamen. When he arrived at Xihuamen, eunuch Yun Qi clung to the reins. Unable to speak, he pointed at Hu Jia desperately. Zhu Yuanzhang felt that the situation was serious and returned immediately. When he boarded Miyagi, he found that the house was dusty and the soldiers were hiding in the wall. Mao was furious and executed Hu and Chen Ning on the same day on charges of "bending the law and falsely accusing" and "endangering politics". At the same time, he used words to pursue his friendship, including a large number of founding fathers, such as Li Shanchang, the first hero of the founding of the country, and the deaths of more than 30,000 people were involved. History is called the Hu case. Hu's case and Lan Yu's case were collectively called Hulan Prison, and the punishment didn't end until the 25th year of Hongwu (1392). In the eighteenth year of Hongwu (1385), it was reported that he and his son Li You colluded with Hu. In the 19th year of Hongwu (1386), the governor of Mingzhou Committee was tried by Hu and then reported. Li Shanchang borrowed 300 guards from Tanghe, a new duke of nations, to build a large-scale project. Tanghe secretly reported to Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang awarded Li Shanchang the title of "The Founding Father is a great nation, who knows what it means to go against the plan, not to do it, to be suspicious and look at both ends and go against the road". More than 70 people were killed, including his wife. Lu Zhongheng's slaves reported that Lu Zhongheng and Tang Shengzong, Fei Ju and three Marquis colluded with Hu's "* * * conspiracy". Song Lian's grandson Song Shen was also implicated and killed, and Song Lian himself was demoted to death in Maozhou, Sichuan. Zhu Yuanzhang specially promulgated the Record of Exposing Traitors.