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UnionPay, a general term for various economic rights and interests certificates, also refers to specialized products, and is a legal certificate used to prove certain rights and interests enjoyed by ticket holders.

securities mainly include capital security, currency securities and commodity securities. In a narrow sense, securities mainly refer to securities products in the securities market, including property market products such as stocks, debt market products such as bonds, and derivative market products such as stock futures, options and interest rate futures.

In February, 221, Supplementary Provisions of the Supreme People's Procuratorate City, the Supreme People's Court (VII) stipulated the crime of fraudulently issuing securities (canceling the crime of fraudulently issuing stocks and bonds).

development course

in p>163, under the leadership of the Netherlands and the Speaker of the National Assembly, Oden Barnvelt, the Netherlands and the East India Company were established. Just as they created an unprecedented country, now they have created an unprecedented economic era.

WIM VANDENDEL, a professor of history at Leiden University in the Netherlands: Yes, you can say that. It was the first joint-stock company. In order to raise money, they issued shares, but not in the modern sense. People come to the company's office, write down the money they lent in their notebooks, and the company promises to pay dividends on these stocks. This is how the Dutch East India Company raises funds.

Lodewijk Wagenaar, director of the Amsterdam Museum of History in the Netherlands:

They collected 6.5 million yuan, which is almost equivalent to 3 million euros. At that time, the money was worth billions, and they used it to set up a company.

By financing the whole society, the East India Company successfully turned its scattered wealth into its own capital for external expansion. Even the maid of the mayor of Amsterdam became one of the shareholders of the East India Company.

Thousands of people are willing to invest their savings in this lucrative and risky business activity. On the one hand, they are eager for wealth, and more importantly, because the Dutch government is also one of the shareholders of the East India Company. The government converted some rights only owned by the state into 25, Dutch guilders, which greatly increased the authority and credibility of the East India Company.

WIM Vandendel, professor of history at Leiden University in the Netherlands:

(The privilege granted by the government to the East India Company is that it can negotiate and sign a treaty and wage war, so that it will become an independent sovereign entity in Asia, or the whole region from South Africa to Japan, and it can operate like a country.

After everything was ready, the fleet of the East India Company set sail. The King of Spain treated this overreaching challenger almost with contempt. However, in the short five years after the establishment of the East India Company, it sent 5 merchant fleets overseas every year, which exceeded the total number of Spanish and Portuguese fleets.

Lodewijk Wagenaar, curator of Amsterdam Museum of History in the Netherlands:

In the first ten years, they (the East India Company) didn't pay any interest, because investors like to invest their money in shipbuilding, building houses and building a trading kingdom in Asia. After these, ten years later, the company paid dividends to shareholders for the first time.

No dividends will be distributed to shareholders for ten consecutive years. Why can such a mode of operation be recognized by investors?

This is because the Dutch also created a new capital circulation system. In 169, the first stock exchange in world history was born in Amsterdam. Shareholders of the East India Company can turn their shares into cash at any time through the stock exchange if they want.

As early as more than 4 years ago, there were already more than 1, active stockbrokers in the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Although they haven't put on red vests yet, fixed trading seats have appeared.

At that time, it became the most active capital market in Europe. Not only Dutch people but also many foreigners came to engage in stock trading. A large amount of dividend income flows from this courtyard with an area of no more than 1, square meters into the Dutch treasury and the pockets of ordinary Dutch people. With British bonds alone, the Netherlands can earn more than 25 million Dutch guilders every year, which is equivalent to 2 tons of silver.

Basic characteristics

Securities are essentially civil rights with property attributes. The characteristics of securities are that civil rights are embodied in securities, so that rights are combined with securities, and rights are embodied in securities, that is, securitization of rights. It is a legal phenomenon in the form of securities in the way and process of the obligee exercising his rights, a social phenomenon of symbolization of investors' investment property, and a sign and result of developed social credit! ~ hope Baidu will adopt it