In 25, the state-owned commercial banks in China developed steadily, and the total assets of the four state-owned commercial banks increased from 16,932.5 billion yuan to 19,153.22 billion yuan, an increase of 13.1%, accounting for 53.3% of banking financial institutions. Various liabilities increased from 16,214.62 billion yuan to 18,369.52 billion yuan, an increase of 13.3%, accounting for 53.3% of banking financial institutions.
As of December 31, 25, the total assets of China Construction Bank reached 4,585.742 billion yuan
China Bank was the third largest bank in China, with total assets of 4,74 billion yuan at the end of 25
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China was the largest commercial bank in China, with total assets of 6.4 trillion yuan in 25
By the end of 25, The total assets of Agricultural Bank of China reached 4,771.19 billion yuan
Bank of China
The banking business of China covers traditional commercial banks, investment banks and insurance businesses, and provides comprehensive and high-quality financial services to individual customers and corporate customers worldwide. Bank of China is mainly engaged in commercial banking, including corporate, retail and financial institutions. Retail business mainly aims at the financial needs of individual customers and provides a full set of services based on bank cards. The business of financial institutions is to provide comprehensive services such as international exchange, capital settlement, interbank lending and custody for other banks, securities companies and insurance companies around the world. At present, it is still in a leading position in the fields of foreign exchange deposits and loans, international settlement, foreign exchange funds and trade financing. According to the British Banker's ranking of core capital in 23, China Bank ranks 15th in the world, ranking first in China's banking industry, and is the bank with the strongest capital in China.
China Construction Bank
China Construction Bank has advantages in traditional business fields such as capital construction loans, working capital loans, real estate finance, project cost consulting, project financing, trade financing, investment consulting, financial consulting, etc. At the same time, it has opened new marketing channels, and has successively opened intermediary businesses such as agency, guarantee, consulting and fund custody, and developed new products such as bank cards and online banking by means of information technology. Product categories have developed from deposit, loan and settlement in the past to more than ten categories and hundreds of varieties such as bank card products, electronic banking products, agency business products and capital products. China Construction Bank's products and services constantly span the traditional business and service fields, and expand into newer fields with the help of technology and network advantages.
China Industrial and Commercial Bank
China Industrial and Commercial Bank has the largest customer base in China, with about 1 million individual customers and 8.1 million corporate accounts. At the end of 23, the balance of personal consumption loans reached 47.5 billion yuan, and the market share of personal housing loans ranked first in China. Peony card issued 95.95 million cards, with a consumption of 97.3 billion yuan. In 23, the accumulated bill transaction was 1,677.1 billion yuan. The market share of RMB settlement reached 45%, and the clearing share in the securities and futures markets remained above 5%. China Industrial and Commercial Bank is also the largest asset custody bank in China, with 28 custody funds and total assets of 58.1 billion yuan.
China Industrial and Commercial Bank has the most advanced technology level in China. On the basis of data centralization project, in 23, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China successfully put into operation the All-Function Bank (NOVA) system, and together with the data warehouse which provides technical basis for personalized service, it constitutes an international advanced financial information technology platform, which provides a strong impetus for the progress of business and management.
The business scope of China Industrial and Commercial Bank includes: handling RMB deposits, loans and consumer credit, residents' savings, all kinds of settlement, issuing and acting as an agent to issue securities, acting as an agent for various businesses entrusted by other banks, handling foreign exchange deposits, loans, remittances, import and export trade and non-trade settlement, foreign currency and foreign currency bill exchange, foreign exchange guarantee and witness, overseas foreign exchange borrowing, foreign currency bill discount, and issuing and acting as an agent to issue foreign currency securities. Acting as an agent for spot and forward foreign exchange trading, credit investigation and consulting services, handling buyer's credit, relending loans from international financial organizations and foreign governments, and business approved by China Banking Regulatory Commission in accordance with relevant laws, administrative regulations and other provisions
China Agricultural Bank
At present, China Agricultural Bank has branches all over China, becoming a large state-owned commercial bank with the largest number of domestic outlets and the widest business scope. The business field has developed from the initial rural credit and settlement business to a complete variety, combining local and foreign currencies, and can handle all kinds of international and domestic financial services. At present, it mainly includes: (1) RMB business. Absorb public deposits; Issue short-,medium-and long-term loans; Handle domestic and international settlement; Handle bill discount; Issuing financial bonds; Acting as an agent to issue, honor and underwrite government bonds; Buying and selling government bonds; Engage in interbank lending; Buying and selling, acting as an agent to buy and sell foreign exchange; Provide letter of credit service and guarantee; Acting as an agent for payment and insurance agency business, etc. (2) foreign exchange business. Foreign exchange deposits; Foreign exchange loans; Foreign exchange remittance; Foreign currency exchange; International settlement; Acceptance and discount of foreign exchange bills; Foreign exchange loan; Foreign exchange guarantee; Settlement and sale of foreign exchange; Issuing and acting as an agent to issue securities in foreign currencies other than stocks; Buying and selling foreign currency securities other than stocks and acting as an agent; Foreign exchange trading on behalf of customers; Credit investigation, consultation and witness business
----------------The reform process of state-owned commercial banks:
The reform of state-owned commercial banks in China is progressing in stages. I have analyzed the historical stages of the reform of state-owned commercial banks on different occasions. Over the past twenty years, the reform of state-owned commercial banks has gone through three stages.
(1) The stage of specialized reform from 1984 to 1994
Before 1984, China implemented a "unified" banking system. In 1984, under the background of China's reform and opening up, China Industrial and Commercial Bank was set up from the People's Bank of China. Together with China Bank, which specializes in foreign exchange business, the People's Construction Bank of China, which used to exercise financial functions, and the Agricultural Bank of China, which was restored in 1979, these four banks became national specialized banks, while the People's Bank of China exclusively exercised the functions of the central bank. Since then, a dual banking system has been formed in China.
(II) The stage of reform of wholly state-owned commercial banks from 1994 to 23
In 1994, the state established three policy banks, realizing the separation of policy finance and commercial finance; In 1995, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks was promulgated and implemented, which made it clear that state-owned commercial banks are market entities with "independent operation, self-risk, self-financing and self-restraint". At this point, the four specialized banks are legally defined as wholly state-owned commercial banks.
In p>1997, the Asian financial crisis broke out, and in November of the same year, the central government held the first national financial work conference, and then a series of reform measures for state-owned commercial banks were successively introduced, including: the central government issued 27 billion yuan of special treasury bonds to supplement the capital of four banks; Stripping 1,393.9 billion yuan of assets to four newly established asset management companies; Cancel the loan scale and implement asset-liability ratio management; Strengthen corporate management and performance appraisal.
at this stage, many advanced concepts and methods have been introduced, the internal control mechanism of business performance and risk has been gradually established, and the external administrative intervention has been obviously weakened. But on the whole, the reform at this stage is mainly carried out at the level of combing internal and external relations, introducing advanced management technology and disposing of non-performing assets, and has not touched on deep-seated problems such as system.
(III) Reform Stage of State-controlled Joint-stock Commercial Banks Started in 24
At the end of p>23, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council decided to select Bank of China and China Construction Bank to carry out the pilot joint-stock reform, and used 45 billion US dollars of foreign exchange reserves to inject capital, hoping to fundamentally reform the system of state-owned commercial banks. This reform is generally divided into three steps. First, financial restructuring, that is, with the support of national policies, digests historical burdens and improves financial conditions. Financial reorganization is the premise and foundation of the shareholding system reform of state-owned commercial banks. The second is corporate governance reform, that is, according to the requirements of modern banking system and drawing lessons from international advanced experience, the management system and internal operation mechanism of banks are reformed. Corporate governance reform is the core and key to the shareholding system reform of state-owned commercial banks. Third, listing in the capital market, that is, further improving the ownership structure through listing in domestic and foreign capital markets and truly accepting the supervision and inspection of the market. Listing on the capital market is the deepening and sublimation of the shareholding system reform of state-owned commercial banks.