The history of ancient mining industry includes three historical periods: primitive society, slave society and feudal society.

(1) According to the latest discoveries of paleoanthropology and archaeology in China, Yuanmou people in the early primitive society began to use stone tools about 1.7 million years ago. The "Hexian people" living in Anhui Province, like Yuanmou people, Lantian people, Beijingers and cavemen, are also human beings who use stone tools. Stone chips and stones are the only mineral raw materials they can develop and utilize.

After entering the Neolithic Age, our ancestors not only surpassed the Paleolithic Age in the collection, utilization and processing technology of stones, but also fired exquisite pottery with clay, creating a colorful painted pottery culture. The stone axe unearthed in Feidong, Hefei City, Anhui Province is the product of Neolithic Age about 1 10,000 years ago. In the late Neolithic period, humans began to make simple red bronzes from natural copper.

(2) The Xia Dynasty in slave society was a period of transition from stone tools to bronzes. Shang pottery unearthed in Hefei shows that the clay mine in Hefei, Anhui Province has a history of at least 3,000 years.

According to recent archaeological excavations, the copper mine sites in Tongling and Nanling can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. These bronzes were discovered in Tunxi, Anhui Province in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.

The Spring and Autumn Period is a period of transition from bronze to iron. At that time, copper and iron mines had been developed, and copper mines were also mined and smelted in Tongling, Anhui.

(3) During the feudal society, the Warring States period has moved towards the Iron Age. Tongling and Nanling also have copper mines. Copper coins and gold coins were found in Chu coins during the Warring States period in the province, indicating that there was mining and smelting of copper and gold mines at that time. Lingbi has also mined marble mines.

During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the policy of salt and iron official camp. According to the geographical records in Hanshu, there are bronze officials in Danyang County (now Xuancheng) and iron officials in Lujiang County (now Buried Hill). The placer iron mines in Shihe River and Pi River in Dabie Mountain, copper mines in Tongguan Mountain and Dangtu, Yang Xiaoling gold mine in Qingyang County and Fengyang gypsum mine are also under exploitation. Bagongshan tofu made of gypsum by people in Huaihe River basin is famous at home and abroad.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, according to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, "Anhui in Lujiang County has iron". Sand mining is still in progress in Dabie Mountain area. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu unified Jiangnan, and all counties in Jiangnan had iron, but they still paid more attention to the development of mineral resources and continued to mine copper and iron ore in the jurisdiction of Wanling, Danyang County.

During the Southern Dynasties, it was discovered that Dangtu Tieyan Mountain produced iron. According to the Taiping Universe in the Song Dynasty, Nanling County, Benhan County and Tongling County cooked copper and iron for Megan instead of Qi Liang. There was a copper smelter in Tongguanshan, indicating that there was copper mining and smelting industry in Tongguanshan at that time.

Sui and Tang Dynasties were the prosperous period of ancient mining industry. The metal minerals mined in Anhui Province are iron ore in Dangtu and Nanling (including Tongling and Fanchang), copper ore in Quanjiao, Tianchang, Chuzhou, Lujiang, Dangtu, Nanling, Qiupu (now Guichi), Qingyang and Sixian, lead ore in Xuanzhou, and silver ore in Nanling, Ningguo, Jixi, Qiupu and Qingyang. Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote 17 Songs of Autumn Pu in the 13th year of Tianbao (AD 754). Among them, 14 song "The fire shines on the sky and the red star is in the purple smoke. Langlang moonlit night, winding cold Sichuan. "It vividly depicts the moonlight scenery of the copper smelter, leaving a valuable historical witness for Qiupu Copper Mine. Fenghuang Mountain in Nanling County and Yinshan Mountain in Ningguo County are important silver mining areas in Tang Dynasty. According to legend, in 808 AD, Tang Xianzong set up Suzhou in Xiangdi, built a city for excavation, and stumbled upon a coal mine, indicating that a coal mine was discovered in Xiangshan, Huaibei. In the Tang Dynasty, Anhui Province mined nonmetallic minerals, including alunite in Dafanshan, Lujiang County, Sheyan stone used to process slate in southern Anhui, and many porcelain stones. The famous porcelain kilns in Tang Dynasty are Shouzhou Kiln (now Huainan), Baitu Kiln (now Baituzhai in Xiaoxian County) and Fanchang Kiln.

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there were gold mines in Shexian County and copper mines in Tongshan County. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhou Shu Huaining County, Chizhou Guichi County and Tongling County mined iron ore. The discovery of iron smelting site in Song Dynasty in Fanchang County indicates that there is iron ore mining there. Tongling County, Chizhou mining copper mine, set up "Liguo Mountain" in Tongguan Mountain, and later changed it to Liguo Mountain. Lead ore is mined in Huaining County, Zhou Shu, and alunite is mined in Sangong Mountain, Wuwei. There are still famous porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty, such as Shouzhou Kiln, Baitu Kiln and Fanchang Kiln, which shows that porcelain stones are still mined. In December of the first year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1078), Su Shi (1037- 1 1) sent someone to find a coal mine in the north of Baitu Town, Xiaoxian County, southwest Suzhou, and wrote the famous "Journey to the Carboniferous Period", praising the discovery of Carboniferous (coal) as ".

The Yuan Dynasty, like the Song Dynasty, was a period of continuous development of ancient mining industry. Set up "Megan Supervisor" to mine copper in Tongguan Mountain, Tongling. There are iron mines in Fuyang, Shexian and Xuanzhou, silver mines in Yinshui Temple in Jinzhai County, and gold mines in Huizhou and Guichi.

The Ming and Qing dynasties were a period of continuous development of ancient mining industry in feudal society, and the seeds of capitalist mining industry had appeared.

There were iron mines in Tongling in Ming Dynasty, and ancient pits around Huaining and Guichi were related to mining (copper). It is said that the ancient mine pit of Tongquanshan in Shaxi, Lujiang County was dug in the Ming Dynasty. There is silver mining in Guichi, lead production in Tongling, Guichi and Jixi, and coal mining in Niutoushan, hanshan county. Guangde County produced coal in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Since the Ming Dynasty, a small amount of outcrop coal in Mengshan Mountain and along the Yangtze River in Huaibei has been exploited by the people as fuel. Huainan Coal Mine started mining before Wanli in Ming Shenzong, and Datong Coal Mine in Huainan also started mining in the late Ming Dynasty. There are also coal mines in Datong and Tongling, Gulou Store in Northeast Township of Jingxian County, and Yangongtang. In the Ming Dynasty, the marble of Jixian Pass in Anqing City was also mined to build Anqing Tower, and the marble was also mined in Lingbi County. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Song wrote "Tian Gong Kai Wu Tao Birthday", saying: Qimen produces porcelain. Explain the mining of existing porcelain stones.

At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, a "Tongguan Governor" was set up in Tongguan Mountain, Tongling, which was in charge of copper mining. In the Qing Dynasty, lead was produced in Tongling, Guichi and Jixi, and Anzishan pyrite in Guichi was also mined. Lieshan in Huaibei City mines coal by indigenous methods, and there are also coal mines in Wu Jiahui, Yin Jiahui, Huishan, Ningguo Port, Xiangcun, Wangcun, Shuidong, Xuanzhou, Guangde and Guichi Dushan. There are records of marble mining in Lingbi County.

In addition, there are mica and gypsum in Fengyang, coal in Dangtu, yi county and Chaoxian, feldspar in Bai Shiying of Xiuning and Chuxian, agate in Taihu Lake and azurite (malachite) in Nanling.

(2) A brief history of modern mining and mineral investigation.

The history of modern mining and mineral investigation refers to the whole historical stage of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from 1840 Opium War to 1949 when People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. With the further development of mining industry in Anhui Province, the geological survey of mineral resources began.

1. Modern mining history Modern mining in Anhui Province is mainly the coal mines in Huaibei, Huainan and along the Yangtze River, as well as the mining of non-metallic minerals such as alunite, porcelain stone, clay, inkstone, pyrite, asbestos and glass sand.

From 1894- 1936, Huainan successively established Datong Coal Mine Company, Datong Coal Mine Co., Ltd., Datong Coal Mine Baoji Industrial Co., Ltd. and Huashang Datong Coal Mine Co., Ltd. The daily output of raw coal is 200-300 tons. The coal mining industry in the Lieshan area of Huaibei has also begun to rise. 1904, local villagers set up coal mining companies, initially forming a certain scale, with a daily output of about 300 tons of raw coal. On 19 16, Puyi Company was established to continue mining Lieshan Coal Mine.

1902, Datong coal mine in Tongling is being mined. The coal mine mined in Dushan, Guichi in the early Qing Dynasty was closed on 1924. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Anqing Jixian Guan coal mine was mined.

At the beginning of the 20th century, some people searched for gold in Xin 'anjiang Valley and mined iron ore in Tongguan Mountain. 19 12 years, quarryman Zhang discovered the pingxiangang iron mine (now Qishan section of Huangmeishan iron mine) developed by Baoxing iron mine company. 19 13- 1935, iron ore mining in the area along the Yangtze River flourished, and Panyu, Fumin, Limin, Ye Zhen, Yihua and Baoxing companies were established one after another to mine iron ore from Maanshan to Tongling.

During the Japanese invasion of China, iron mines, copper mines, pyrite mines and coal mines in Huaibei and Huainan along the Yangtze River were looted. Among them, Huazhong Mining Company mines Tongguanshan Copper Mine in Tongling with a daily output of 400 tons, Maanshan Iron Mine mines at least 6,543,800 tons of ore, and Maanshan Xiangshan mines 980,000 tons of pyrite.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Huainan Coal Mine resumed production and established Huainan Mining Bureau. 1May, 947, wells were built in the west area of Bagongshan, and Xinzhuangzi dug inclined shafts for coal mining. Lieshan Coal Mine in Huaibei was originally mined by villagers in the mining area, and was later taken over by the state government. Iron ore and copper ore have been mined along the Yangtze River. Maanshan Xiangshan pyrite1948 stopped production in April, and1949 resumed production in June. Other nonmetallic minerals mined include alunite from Lujiang, porcelain stone and porcelain clay from Qimen, inkstone from Shexian, asbestos from Ningguo and glass sand from Huaiyuan.

2. History of Mineral Exploration Mineral exploration in Anhui Province began in 1960s. People in Britain, Germany and other countries did it in the early days. Geologists in China started mineral survey from 19 1 1 year. The main minerals investigated at that time were coal mines and iron ore. Modern coalfield geologist * * * left 5 1 copy of coalfield geological data and a small amount of iron ore and pyrite geological data. Iron ore and pyrite were discovered in Maanshan area, and Tongguanshan copper mine was rediscovered in Tongling. Non-metallic minerals such as clay, porcelain clay, alunite, asbestos, glass sand and limestone in the province were investigated, and Fengtai phosphate rock was also found.

1863, kingsmill, an Englishman, began a geological survey in the east and south of China, and wrote articles such as Border Coalfield of Southeast China Province, Geology of East Coast of China and Geology of China, with emphasis on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. When talking about coal-bearing strata and supergene sedimentary clay, this paper briefly mentions this province; 1869 In his article "Geology of China", he also talked about the surface sedimentary clay in the Yangtze River basin of this province. Later, Richthofen, a German, described the clay in the area from Qimen to Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province, and named some of it "kaolin".

1902, john kay, an Englishman, used percussion drill to find coal in the west mine field of Datong Coal Mine in Tongling, and investigated iron ore in Tongguan Mountain in Tongling. He also investigated other minerals along the river in the province. 1905, British miner McQueen visited Tongguan Mountain.

19 1 1, Fanchang residents reported to Hanyeping Company, and the staff member Hong Shoufa was found in Fanchang Changlongshan Iron Mine.

19 13, Zhang Yan investigated iron ore along the Yangtze River, and then Zhang Yuquan conducted geological survey between Anhui and southern Anhui, and published special articles in 19 15 and 19 16.

19 17 years, Liu and Zhao Rujun of the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of Beiyang Government investigated the geology of Lieshan coalfield in Huaibei, drew a geological schematic diagram of 1: 15000, and compiled the Investigation Report of Coal Mines in Northern Jiangsu and Northern Anhui. In that year, we also inspected the geology and minerals in Huainan, Lu 'an-Huoshan and Buried Hill-Huaining areas. In the same year, Yu inspected the geology of Xuancheng coalfield.

1965438+In February, 2007, Ding Gelan (Swedish), a consultant sent by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of Beiyang Government, made a detailed observation on Tongguanshan Iron Mine, and thought that Laomiaojishan Iron Mine contained high copper content, and also went to investigate the iron mine along the Yangtze River in this province. Later, the Germans Bi Xiangxian and others successively investigated the Aoshan Iron Mine in Maanshan and drew a geological map, and calculated the reserves as 6.5438+0.85 million tons. The results of the investigation are contained in China Iron Mine Records written by Ding Gelan and translated by Xie.

192 1 year, the Kuomintang military and political departments sent German miners Kebo Romans to Huainan Coal Mine for investigation.

1922 to 10, Li Jie made an investigation in northern Anhui and compiled the Geological Report of Huaihe River Basin in Northern Anhui.

65438-0923, Wang Zhuquan of the Central Geological Survey came to Huainan for investigation, and compiled "Southwest Geology of Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province". In the same year, Liu and others went to Lieshan in Huaibei to explore coal mines, which were drilled by Puyi Company and drilled by * * * 13, and the coal reserves were calculated to be 35 million tons. During the period of 1923, Ye and Li Jie of the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce made a preliminary study on the genesis and classification of diorite and metamorphic iron ore in Tongguan Mountain and its contact zone.

1From March to April, 1927, the Ministry of Industry of the National Government sent Yu, Liu, Zhao Rujun, Li Chunyu and Ji Rongsen to Shungeng Mountain, Huainan, to investigate and sort out the stratigraphic correlation between northern Jiangsu and Jianghuai.

1928 and 1933, Weng, director of the Central Geological Survey, visited Lieshan Mountain in Huaibei twice, conducted drilling surveys on Yangzhuang Mountain in Huaibei and Dongshan Mountain in Huainan, and published his representative work "Geology of Lieshan and Leijiagou Coalfield in Su County, Anhui Province".

193 1 In March, Liu and Ji Rongsen edited "Coalfield Geology of Shungeng Mountain and Shangyao in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province".

193 1, Wang Hengsheng and Sun Jianchu investigated the Anzishan pyrite mine in Guichi County and wrote a brief report on the pyrite mine in Guichi County. In the same year, Sun Jian politicians from the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Industry came to Tongguan Mountain to investigate iron mines, made topographic and geological maps of Shizishan, Jiguanshan 1∶25000 mining areas, and described the two iron mines in detail.

1932, Meng Xianmin and Zhang Geng of Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences made a topographic and geological map of 1∶25000 in Tongguan Mountain.

During the period of 1933, the Institute of Geology of the Ministry of Industry conducted an investigation on Tongguanshan iron mine in Tongling, and also on the iron mine in Aoshan area, and wrote the Iron Mine Records of the Lower Yangtze River, which calculated the ore reserves of Aoshan iron mine to be 3.98 million tons.

1933, Cheng and Chen Kai conducted an 8-month geological survey in Daxie, Xiaofanshan and Tianguangshan in Lujiang County, and wrote the article "Geological Research of Bauxite in Lujiang, Anhui Province", with1∶ 40,000 topographic and geological maps, profiles and photos. And the reserves of alunite are calculated as12,892,800 tons. 1937, two people investigated the alum mine in Sanguan Mountain, Wuwei.

During the period of 1934, Nan Yanzong and Yi Ding conducted an investigation in Guangshan, Xiuning, and discovered antimony ore for the first time in Anhui.

19 13— 1935, Li Siguang, Cheng, Chen Kai and Zhu Sen investigated iron ore in Maanshan to Tongling, and successively found Dongshan, Nanshan, Aoshan, Jianshan, Radish Mountain, Longhushan, Dangtu Zhongshan, Gushan, Harmonious Mountain, Huangmei Mountain and Fishing Mountain in Maanshan. 1936, the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Industry of Yi Ding conducted the first preliminary test of electrical prospecting in northern dangtu county.

Ye, Wang Hengsheng, Li Yuyao, Ding Wenjiang, Sun Jianchu, Bi, Bian, Huang, Dong Nanting, Yang, Liu Zuyi, Cheng Yifa, Jiang Daquan and Wang Chaojun successively investigated the coalfield geology of this province. Besides Huaibei and Huainan, there are Chaohu, Hanshan, Hexian, Susong, Taihu, Huaining, Anqing, Tongling, Jingxian, Xuancheng, Guangde and Guichi. Except for Lieshan in Huaibei and Dongshan in Huainan, the rest are route reconnaissance, mainly investigating coal seams and coal quality.

During Japan's invasion of China, Huainan coal mine, iron and copper mines along the Yangtze River, pyrite and alunite mines were investigated.

1After June 4th, 938, the Japanese army carried out coalfield geological survey in Huainan and cooperated with surface exploration and drilling methods. Masaichi Tokuda and Kenjiro Yamamoto compiled the Geological Survey Report of Shungeng Mountain Coalfield in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, and put forward the term "Great Huainan Basin". Saburo Shimakura compiled the Summary of Investigation in Dongshan District of Huainan Coalfield.

1939, the Japanese made an earthquake survey in the west of Huainan. Hideo Tozhong of Japan conducted magnetic and gravity exploration in Xiangshan, Dangtu, and drilled in Xiangshan and Zhaishan with abnormally high self-electricity, and found Xiangshan pyrite, and made a geological map of 1: 1000, with a calculated reserve of about 1.4 million tons.

During Japan's invasion of China, it sent Kamiyama Changyi, Nanmu Shilong, Shenji Sanzang, Sato Hiroshi, Guanyuan Province, Xia Jingyilang, etc. to inspect the iron and copper minerals in Tongguanshan area of Tongling. Trough well exploration was carried out in Huangshilao, Songshu and Xiaotongguan Mountain in Tongguan Mountain, and drilling was carried out in Laomiaoji Mountain and other places. When the old Miaojishan iron mine was smelted in Japan's Babao Iron Works, it was found that the copper content was very high, that is, copper was mainly mined, and copper was discovered in the old Miaojishan, which revived the ancient Tongguanshan copper mine. Later, the Poshankou (Langya Mountain) and Xiezigang (Yueshan Mountain) copper mines in Chuzhou were discovered. There are also reports of copper mines in Guichi, Bengbu and Dangtu.

In1941-1943, Japanese Kobayashi, Yukio, Ichiro Tian, etc. Using electrical and magnetic geophysical methods, the distribution of iron ore was explored in Baotan Mountain in Tiane, Tongling, Nanshan Mountain in Dangtu and Poshanyakou in Chuxian.

After 1945, Xie and Yan Shutan, mineral exploration departments of the National Government Resources Committee, cooperated with Chai Dengbang to investigate the geology of Shungeng Mountain, Bagongshan, Minglongshan and Shanjinjia coalfields in Huainan. Xie put forward the inference of "Great Huainan Basin" and confirmed the existence of Huainan concealed coalfield through drilling, which is of great significance in coalfield geological work. Xie published the article "How to Discover Coalfield" and 1947 wrote the report "New Coal in Huainan and Geology and Minerals in Great Huainan Basin".

1945, Huazhong Mining Bureau of the National Government Resources Committee calculated the reserves of Xiangshan pyrite in Maanshan, and calculated the results. The reserves of pyrite are 2 million tons.

1946, Xie discovered Fengtai phosphorite when he was engaged in coal geological work in Huainan. 1947 is the author of the discovery of Fengtai phosphorite in Anhui Province.

In addition, according to Zhang's records of ancient mines, Fengyang has mica and gypsum, Dangtu, yi county and Chaoxian have coal, Xiuning has feldspar, Lingbi has jade (marble), Taihu Lake has agate, and Nanling has azurite (malachite). According to the Mineral Records of China, the minerals in Anhui Province include Qimen porcelain clay, Ningguo asbestos, Huaiyuan glass sand and limestone widely distributed in the province.