Like cold, cool and wet, resistant to high temperature, low temperature, fertilizer and salinity. The optimum germination temperature is 18-25℃, and the daily average temperature is 14- 16℃. Low temperature and long sunshine promote flower bud differentiation. The pH value of soil should be neutral or weakly alkaline.
Beets used as raw materials for sugar production are biennial crops. Beets are treasures. The main product of beet is sugar. Sugar is an indispensable nutrient in people's lives, and it is also an important raw material for food industry, beverage industry and pharmaceutical industry. Besides producing sucrose, sugar beet and its by-products have broad development and utilization prospects.
Beet stems and leaves are ideal juicy green feed, which not only contains general nutrients needed by livestock, but also contains carotene, which can supplement the deficiency of vitamin A in feed and increase the content of vitamin A in dairy products. See table 14-2 for its nutritional components. Beet stems and leaves can also be used as fertilizer to return to the field, improve soil fertility and increase the content of organic matter in the soil.
The moisture content of sugarbeet root is 75%, and the solid content is 25%. In solid substances, sucrose accounts for 16% ~ 18%, and non-sugar substances account for 7% ~ 9%. Non-sugar substances are divided into soluble and insoluble: insoluble non-sugar mainly includes cellulose, hemicellulose, protopectin and protein; Soluble sugar is inorganic sugar and organic sugar. Inorganic non-sugar is mainly potassium, sodium, magnesium and other salts; Organic non-sugar can be subdivided into nitrogen-containing and nitrogen-free. Nitrogen-free non-sugar includes fat, pectin, reducing sugar and organic acid; Nitrogen-containing non-sugar is protein and non-protein. Non-protein and non-sugar mainly refer to betaine, amide and amino acid. The by-products of beet sugar industry are mainly about 3.5% sugar and 7.5% non-sugar substances in root tuber and other non-sugar substances put in and discharged during processing.
① beet residue
In the process of sugar making, the residue after cutting and leaching beet root is processed into beet residue. Usually, every processing 1 ton of beet root produces 0.9 tons of beet pulp at the same time. Beet meal contains 93% water and about 7% dry matter. Dry matter is rich in various amino acids, vitamins and trace elements, and is an ideal feed for raising pigs and cattle. See table 14-3 for its contents. Beet pulp is squeezed by a twin-screw (or single-screw) press, and then dried to make dried beets.
Dry rice. Because of high carbohydrate content, starch value and total digestible nutrients, beet dry meal can be used as concentrated feed. And because of less protein and high calorific value, it can adjust the nutritional balance of high protein when used in combination with high protein concentrated feed and roughage, and it tastes sweet, so it is an ideal feed for cattle industry. When used, it should be soaked in water first, otherwise it will easily cause abdominal distension of livestock. In order to improve the nutritional value of beet dry pulp, waste molasses and other nutritional components can be added to beet dry pulp to make molasses or nutritious beet granular pulp. Sugar beet granule powder is made from dried sugar beet powder by further processing. Its nutritional components and use value are the same as those of dried beet pulp, but it is more convenient for packaging, transportation and management. Since 1980s, the production of beet pellet meal in China has developed rapidly, with an annual output of over 654.38 million tons. At present, most beet factories in China are equipped with beet pellet meal production lines.
② Production and utilization of pectin
Cellulose and hemicellulose in sugar beet are insoluble in water, so they will not move into sugar juice during sugar soaking, but remain in waste meal. Protein, ash, saponin, etc. Most of them remain in the waste food. Only pectin is in the state of combining with cellulose, which can be hydrolyzed into soluble pectin at a certain temperature and under acidic or alkaline conditions, and become a harmful substance that affects cleaning and crystallization after entering sugar juice. Therefore, in the process of sugar production, more than 90% pectin can be left in beet residue by controlling the soaking temperature. The process of extracting pectin from beet pulp is simple, that is, the beet pulp is heated and hydrolyzed, and then pectin is separated from the waste residue to prepare primary pectin. When primary pectin is mixed with cement and gypsum slag, foamed silicate products can be produced, which meets the technical requirements of the construction industry for thermal insulation materials, so the cost is low. This technology is simple and easy to operate, which is beneficial to environmental protection and has a good development prospect.
③ Production of waste honey and utilization of carbon dioxide.
Low-grade molasses produced in the process of sugar production cannot be returned to sugar production. This molasses is called waste honey, and its output is about 4% of beet processing. The first is the production of fermented products. Most fermented products made from starch can be made from waste honey. Because of the low price of waste honey, the output value of products is high; The economic benefit is good, so in modern society, beet factories in China all use waste honey to produce fermented products. The main products are: alcohol, organic solvents (such as acetone, butanol, ethanol), glycerol, yeast, glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on. Secondly, as feed, waste honey can be used as artificial livestock feed because it contains sugar, vitamins, amino acids and some trace elements. For example, it can stimulate appetite, help digestion, increase milk production, and promote metabolism and physical development.
Feed beet: it is one of the four varieties of common beet in the common beet group. Feed beet is a special feed crop for raising cattle and pigs. The sugar content of root tuber is low, usually only 5 ~ 10 degree, but the yield is high, reaching 60 ~ 80 tons/hectare. In Europe, the planting area is very large. And there are specialized feed beet breeding institutions engaged in the scientific research of feed beet varieties. In order to avoid losses to sugar beet factories, some European countries stipulate that the root bark color of feed sugar beet should be different from that of sugar beet. Therefore, feed beet breeders introduce color genes into the root bark of feed beet, so that the root tuber of feed beet in modern society has various colors, such as light red, light pink, golden yellow and so on.
Feed beet tubers are mostly cylindrical, and more than two-thirds of them are above the ground. The number of blades is very small. The root ditch is shallow and smooth, and there is little soil when harvesting. Because the root tuber not only contains some sugar, but also contains various vitamins, carbohydrates, fats and mineral salts needed to maintain the normal growth and development of livestock, it is a juicy feed with high nutritional value. As a feed crop, it has a good development prospect in China. Especially with the improvement of people's living standards in our country, the consumption of milk will increase greatly, which will certainly promote the development of dairy industry, so the development prospect of feed beet is broad. In addition, feed beet is a rare genetic resource. Using its good root shape, smooth root breeding (spherical root breeding) can be selected by crossing with sugar beet, or high-yield materials can be selected by using its high-yield genes. All varieties are imported from abroad, mainly from the former Soviet Union.
Leaf beet: commonly known as thick-skinned vegetables. Thick leaves, developed leaves and long petioles. It has strong cold resistance and summer heat resistance. It can be eaten as a vegetable, as well as as as a herb and feed.
Leaf sugar beet was separated from sugar beet along the coast of the Near East, and later introduced to Europe, India, China and so on. This is the earliest domesticated beet. Some people think that the first primitive type of leaf beet was planted in Mesopotamia about 4000 years ago. It was introduced into China from Arabia around the 5th century. In China, leaf beets are mainly distributed in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, and planted in the southwest of China. Leaf beets in China have been preliminarily divided into five types: white leaf beets, green leaf beets, four-season leaf beets, rolled leaf beets and red leaf beets. In modern society, leaf beets are still planted as vegetables in some areas. In addition, leaf sugar beet is often used for breeding sugar beet or fodder sugar beet because of its resistance to brown spot and stress. However, other economic potential of leaf beet needs to be studied and developed.
Edible beet: commonly known as red beet. Roots and leaves are purple, so they are also called flame vegetables. The root tuber is edible. Similar to radish, it is slightly sweet when eaten raw, and can be used as a side dish to decorate cold dishes or as a raw material for carving dishes, with very bright colors; You can also make soup. As a vegetable, it is still planted in many countries of the former Soviet Union. In addition, it can also be used as an ornamental plant. Other economic potential of edible beet needs to be studied and developed.
In ancient times, sugar beet was used as medicine in the west. In ancient Rome, beets were used to treat constipation and fever, and beets were wrapped in leaves to treat trauma. Beet juice was used as an aphrodisiac in ancient Europe because it contained boron.
In medieval Europe, beetroot was used to treat digestive and circulatory diseases. Eating too many beets will turn urine red. Beets are easy to digest, which helps to stimulate appetite and relieve headaches. Beets can also prevent colds and anemia. The process of cold mixing beetroot is very simple. Beets can be peeled and cut into strips and seasoned at will. Beet root juice is rich in nitrite, which has the function of lowering blood pressure and preventing Alzheimer's disease. In addition, beet can be extracted by percolation method and clarified by carbonation method, and white sugar can be directly produced without raw sugar.
Beet root also contains iodine, which has a certain effect on preventing goiter and atherosclerosis. The roots and leaves of beetroot contain a betaine, which is unprecedented in other vegetables. It has biochemical and pharmacological effects with choline and lecithin, and is an effective regulator of metabolism, which can accelerate the absorption of protein by human body and improve the function of liver. Beet root also contains a saponin substance, which combines cholesterol in the intestine into a mixture that is not easily absorbed and excreted. Beet root also contains a considerable amount of magnesium, which can adjust the hardening strength of softened blood vessels and prevent the formation of intravascular thrombosis, and plays an important role in the treatment of hypertension. Beet root also contains a lot of cellulose and pectin, which has been found to have anti-gastric ulcer function. In medicine, it also has the function of stopping diarrhea, which can eliminate excessive water in the abdomen and relieve bloating. Because it contains iron, copper, manganese and other elements, it can also treat anemia and stylistic diseases.
Researchers from London Medical College studied 15 hypertensive patients and found that if these patients drank about 250 ml of beet juice every day, their blood pressure could be reduced by 10 mm Hg. Through the test, it is found that the most significant time is about 3~6 hours. 1, anti-tumor
Relevant researchers found that the combination of betaine and D- isoascorbic acid can inhibit the mitosis of sarcoma 37, Ehrlich's cancer and lymphoblastic leukemia L 12 10( LE) in vitro, which is stronger than the single drug.
2. Reduce blood fat and protect the liver
It was found that rats who ate betaine for 75 days could improve the level of phospholipids in blood and liver, protect the liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride, and inhibit the lipid changes in serum and liver caused by carbon tetrachloride. The protective effect of betaine on liver may be related to its role as a methyl donor.
3, antihypertensive effect
Betaine has mild hypotensive effect on anesthetized animals, but has no effect on hypertension. Intravenous injection of betaine hydrochloride in dogs, rabbits and rats has obvious antihypertensive effect, which takes effect quickly but lasts for a short time. Betaine hydrochloride can weaken the pressor effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on rabbits. Yi Ding and other studies show that the hypotensive effect of betaine hydrochloride is mainly caused by dilating peripheral blood vessels.
4. Growth stimulation
After doing this experiment, adding 8 kilograms of betaine to every ton of chicken feed, some studies have shown that the egg production can be increased, which is 24.3% higher than that of the control group.
5, protect the stomach and treat the liver
Citrate betaine has been used to treat 13 1 cases of chronic liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, toxic or metabolic liver diseases and liver dysfunction caused by biliary tract diseases. After observing the changes of transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, neutral fat, cholesterol and total fat, total protein, albumin/globulin ratio, serum bilirubin and serum iron, it is considered effective. This means that beets are very helpful to protect our liver.