Qian Xuesen (famous scientist and physicist. One of the founders of modern mechanics in China. He has made many pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. )

Qian Sanqiang, a nuclear physicist and academician of China Academy of Sciences, has made outstanding achievements in "nuclear fission" and is an interdisciplinary advocate. He has made important contributions to the establishment of atomic energy science and the research of "two bombs" in China.

Zhu Kezhen (geographer, meteorologist, master of modern meteorological geography in China, founder and promoter of phenology research in China).

Li Siguang (paleontologist, stratigraphic scientist, geotectonist, Quaternary glaciologist. Is the founder of geomechanics in China. "?" The new classification standard of fossils, the establishment of Sinian and Carboniferous stratigraphic systems in southern China, and the discovery and research of Quaternary glaciers in eastern China are his great contributions to geological science. )

Yuan Longping (agronomist, hybrid rice breeding expert, the founder of hybrid rice research in China, the first person in the world to successfully use hybrid rice heterosis. 198 1 won the first national special invention award in China, and was internationally known as the "father of hybrid rice". )

Bauer. Hearst is an American scientist who studies snake venom. When he was a child, he saw that thousands of people in the world were killed by poisonous snakes every year, and he decided to develop an anti-venom drug. He thinks that people with smallpox will have immunity, but can they also have immunity after being bitten by poisonous snakes? Can antitoxic substances produced in the body be used to resist snake venom? He imagined that it was also possible. So from the age of 15, he injected himself with a small amount of snake glands, and gradually increased the dose and toxicity.

This experiment is extremely dangerous and painful. Every time he is injected, he will be seriously ill. The snake venom of various snakes has different components and different modes of action. Every time a new kind of snake venom is injected, the original anti-venom substance will not be competent and will be tortured by the new anti-venom substance. He was injected with 28 kinds of snake venom. After a dangerous and painful experiment, I finally got something. Because of its own anti-toxicity, King cobra, Indian blue snake and Australian tiger snake have all bitten him, but every time he survived. Blue snake is extremely toxic, and Hester is the only living person bitten by blue snake in the world. He was bitten by a poisonous snake 130 times, and he was safe every time. Hester analyzed the anti-venom substances in his blood and tried some anti-venom drugs, which have treated many people bitten by poisonous snakes.

Yuan Longping-Keep everyone away from hunger.

Yuan Longping is an academician of China Academy of Engineering, a famous hybrid rice expert, the winner of the highest national science and technology award and the first national special invention award in China. Won the grand prize 1 1 times in the world. The "World Food Award" won is the highest international honor in the agricultural field.

He is a real cultivator. When he was a rural teacher, he had the courage to subvert the world authority; When he was famous all over the world, he still only focused on the land, indifferent to fame and fortune, a farmer, spreading wisdom and harvesting wealth. His lifelong dream is to keep all people away from hunger. I like watching thousands of waves of rice, especially the romantic Yuan Longping.

The lamp is a great invention for human beings to conquer the night. 19th century ago, people used oil lamps and candles for lighting, which broke through the night, but still failed to completely liberate mankind from the restriction of the night. Only with the birth of the generator can we light up the world with all kinds of electric lights, turn night into day, expand the scope of human activities, win more time and create wealth for society.

It was the American inventor Edison who really invented the electric light to make it shine. He is the child of a railway worker. He dropped out of school before finishing primary school and made a living by selling newspapers on the train. Edison is an extremely diligent man. He likes to do all kinds of experiments and make many exquisite machines. He is particularly interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind.

Edison made a detailed test plan after carefully summarizing the previous failure experience in manufacturing electric lamps, and conducted experiments in two aspects: one was to classify and test more than 600 different heat-resistant materials of/kloc-0; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. He also studied the new generator and circuit shunt system.

Edison tested 1600 kinds of heat-resistant luminescent materials one by one, but the linear energy of platinum wire is good, but the price of platinum is amazing, so we must find a more suitable material to replace it. 1879, Edison finally decided to use carbon filament after many experiments. He sprinkled carbon powder on a piece of cotton silk, bent it into a horseshoe shape, heated it in a crucible, made it into a filament, put it in a bulb, and then pumped the air out of the bulb with an air extractor. It can be used continuously for 45 hours when the light is on. In this way, the first batch of carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world came out. 1879 On New Year's Eve, Lopark Street where Edison Electric Company is located is brightly lit.

In order to develop electric light, Edison often worked in the laboratory for more than ten hours a day, and sometimes experimented for several days. After he invented carbon fiber, he experimented with more than 6000 kinds of plant fibers. Finally, he chose bamboo filaments, burned them in a high-temperature closed furnace, and then processed them to obtain carbonized bamboo filaments, which were put into the light bulb, thus improving the vacuum degree of the light bulb again, and the light bulb could be continuously lit for 1200 hours. The invention of electric light once caused natural gas stocks to plummet 12% in three days.

After Edison, 1909, American Ke Renqi invented tungsten wire instead of carbon wire, which greatly improved the efficiency of electric lamp. Since then, electric lights have leapt to a new level, and fluorescent lamps, iodine tungsten lamp and other lights have mushroomed on the lighting stage.

Lights turn darkness into light and make the world more dazzling and colorful.

Brief introduction of selected world famous scientists

1, Newton

The splendid culture of ancient Greece was buried and eclipsed in the long and dark Middle Ages. /kloc-in the 0/5th century, the banner of Renaissance fluttered in the European continent, and natural science gained new life and flourished. Scientific giants such as N Copernicus, Tycho, J Kepler, Galileo and R Descartes are all famous in Europe. A scientific revolution broke through the shackles of feudal forces and scholasticism in the Middle Ages, and constantly won.

Newton, a great scientist and the founder of the theoretical system of classical physics, was born in the era of new political, economic, scientific and cultural changes in Europe.

"Galileo"

Galileo was a great Italian physicist and astronomer and a pioneer of the scientific revolution. In history, he first integrated mathematics, physics and astronomy on the basis of scientific experiments, expanding, deepening and changing human understanding of material movement and the universe. Galileo devoted his life to proving and spreading Copernicus' Heliocentrism. As a result, he was persecuted by the church in his later years and imprisoned for life. He overthrew the traditional speculative view of nature represented by Aristotle with systematic experiments and observations, and founded a modern science based on experimental facts and with a strict logical system. Therefore, he is called "the father of modern science". His work laid the foundation for the establishment of Newton's theoretical system.

Euclid

Ancient Greek mathematician. He is famous for his Elements of Geometry. Little is known about his life now. I probably studied in Athens in my early years and I know Plato's theory very well. Around 300 BC, he came to Alexandria at the invitation of Ptolemy (364-283 BC) and worked there for a long time. He is a gentle and honest educator. He always persuades people who are interested in mathematics. However, we are opposed to the style of refusing to study hard and being opportunistic, and we are also opposed to narrow and practical views. According to Proclus (about 4 10 ~ 485), King Ptolemy once asked Euclid if there were any other shortcuts to learn geometry besides his Elements. Euclid replied, "In geometry, there is no paved road for kings." This sentence later became an eternal learning motto. Stobeus (about 500) told another story, saying that a student had just started to learn the first proposition and asked Euclid what he would get after learning geometry. Euclid said: Give him three coins because he wants to get real benefits from his study.

Euclid arranged the rich achievements accumulated in Greek geometry since the 7th century BC in a strict logical system, making geometry an independent and deductive science. Besides the Elements of Geometry, he has many other works, but most of them have been lost. Known Numbers is the only Greek work except the original among his pure geometry works. Its style is similar to the first six volumes of the original work, and it contains 94 propositions. It has been pointed out that if some elements in a graph are known, others can be determined. Graphics are divided into existing Latin texts and Arabic texts. This paper discusses dividing known figures into equal parts or equal parts by straight lines. Optics is one of the early works of geometric optics. It studies perspective, stating that the incident angle of light is equal to the reflection angle, and that vision is the result of light reaching the object from the eyes. There are still some works that are not sure whether they belong to Euclid or not, and have been lost.

Faraday

Faraday1791September 22nd was born in a family of craftsmen, with no special culture, and was quite poor. Faraday's father is a blacksmith. Faraday received a poor school education as a child. At the age of thirteen, he was an apprentice in a book binding shop and also engaged in stationery business. But the difference is that besides binding books, he often reads. His boss encouraged him, too. A client gave him several lecture cards and asked him to attend a lecture at Royal College London. 18 12 One winter day, just as Napoleon's army was defeated on the Russian plain, a young man of 2 1 year old came to the Royal College of London and asked to meet and talk with the famous dean David. As a letter of recommendation, he brought a book with his notes when he listened to David's speech. The book is neatly bound and beautifully bound, and the young man left a good impression on David. David happened to be short of an assistant, and soon he hired the applicant.

leonardo di ser piero da vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was the first painter in the Italian Renaissance and one of the most outstanding representatives in the whole European Renaissance. He is a profound, knowledgeable and versatile artist, master of science, literary theorist, great philosopher, poet, musician, engineer and inventor. He has made great contributions in almost every field. Later scholars called him "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", "first-class scholar" and "prodigy". He deserves all the praise, even more.

First of all, a gifted teenager

Leonardo da Vinci (

Coulomb

Electricity is an important branch of physics. During its development, many physicists have made outstanding contributions. French physicist Charlie? Augustine? Coulomb is one of the most influential members.

Coulomb was born in Gulaim on June 1736. Cullen's family is very rich and received a good education in his teens. He later went to the Paris Institute of Military Engineering to study. After leaving school, he joined the Royal Engineering Company in Martinique, West India. After working for eight years, he served in Cherbourg and Aix Island. At this time, Coulomb began to engage in scientific research, focusing on engineering mechanics and statics.

Engaged in military construction for many years in the army, I have accumulated materials for my paper "Material Strength" published in 1773. In this paper, Coulomb put forward a method to calculate the stress and strain distribution on objects, which became the theoretical basis of structural engineering and has been used ever since.

Archimedes

The great mathematician and mechanic of ancient Greece. Born in Syracuse, Sicily, died in the same place. Alexander studied with Euclid's students in the cultural center at that time, and later kept close contact with Alexander's scholars, so he was a member of the Alexandria School. Later generations spoke highly of Archimedes, and often ranked him with I Newton and C·F· Gauss as the three greatest mathematicians in history. His life is not recorded in detail, but many stories about him are widely circulated. It is said that after he established the lever law of mechanics, he once issued a magnificent discourse: "Give me a foothold and I can shake the earth!" " "

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

Einstein was the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the physics revolution. 1March, 879 14 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small business owner's family. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. My father and uncle jointly set up an electrician company there to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Under the influence of engineer He's uncle and others, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy, and Einstein, who continued to attend middle school in Munich, gave up his student status and German nationality and went to Milan alone because he hated the militaristic education that German schools stifled free thinking.

watt

Watt is regarded as the inventor of the steam engine in the world. His creative spirit, superhuman talent and unremitting research left valuable spiritual and material wealth for future generations. Watt's improved steam engine is a great contribution to modern science and production, which is of epoch-making significance. It led to the rise of the first industrial technology revolution and greatly promoted the development of social productive forces.

Boyle's skeptical chemist

Boyle was born in an aristocratic family in Ireland on1October 25th. My father is an earl and his family is very rich. He is the youngest of the fourteen brothers. Boyle was not particularly smart when he was a child, and he stuttered a little. He doesn't like lively games very much, but he is studious and likes reading and thinking quietly. Received a good education since childhood, and studied in Europe from 1639 to 1644. During this period, he read many natural science books, including the famous book Dialogue between Two World Systems by astronomer and physicist Galileo. This book left a deep impression on him. His later masterpiece The Doubtful Chemist was based on this book.

Due to the war, his father died and his family came down. He returned to China to live in London with his sister in 1644. I started studying medicine and agriculture there. I came into contact with a lot of chemical knowledge and experiments in my study, and soon became a well-trained chemical experimenter and creative theorist. During this period, he organized a scientific society with many scholars and held a weekly seminar, mainly discussing the latest development of natural science and the problems encountered in the laboratory. Boyle called this organization an "invisible university". This society is the predecessor of the famous "Royal Society", and its purpose is to promote the development of natural science. Boyle is an important member of the association. Boyle moved to Oxford on 1654 because the branch of the society was located in Oxford. In Oxford, he set up a well-equipped laboratory and hired some talented scholars as assistants to lead them in various scientific research. Many of his scientific research achievements were obtained here. The epoch-making masterpiece "Skeptical Chemist" is written here. In the genre of dialogue, this book writes four philosophers arguing together. They are skeptical chemists, bardic chemists, medical chemists and philosophers. Bard chemists represent Aristotle's view of "four elements", medical chemists represent the view of "three elements", and philosophers remain neutral in the debate. Here, skeptical chemists have no fear to challenge all kinds of authoritative traditional theories in history, refuting many old ideas with vivid and powerful arguments and putting forward new ones. This book is widely circulated in continental Europe.

Boyle attaches great importance to experimental research. He believes that only experiment and observation are the basis of scientific thinking. He always clarifies his views through rigorous and scientific experiments. In physics, he studied the color of light, the elasticity of vacuum and air, and summarized Boyle's gas law. In chemistry, his research on acid, alkali and indicator, and his discussion on the qualitative test method of salt are quite effective. He was the first chemist to use the juices of various natural plants as indicators. He invented litmus test solution and litmus test paper. He was also the first chemist to give a clear definition of acid and alkali, and divided substances into three categories: acid, alkali and salt. He created many qualitative methods to test salt, such as using copper salt solution to be blue, adding ammonia solution to become dark blue (copper ions and enough ammonia water form copper-ammonia complex ions) to test copper salt; The white precipitate produced by mixing hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate solution is used to test silver salt and hydrochloric acid. Boyle's invention is full of long-term vitality, so that we still often use these oldest methods today. Boyle has also done many experiments in determining the composition and purity of substances, and studying the similarities and differences of substances. A brief review of the history of mineral water experimental research published by 1685 describes a set of methods to identify substances and becomes a pioneer in qualitative analysis.

1668, due to the death of his brother-in-law, he moved to London to live with his sister, and set up a laboratory in his backyard to continue his experimental work. Boyle's work in his later years mainly focused on the study of phosphorus. 1670, Boyle suffered a stroke due to fatigue, and his physical condition was good and bad. When he can't do research in the laboratory, he devotes himself to sorting out the knowledge gained from practice and reasoning for many years. As long as he feels a little light, he goes to the laboratory to do his experiments or write papers for fun. 1680, he was elected president of the royal society, but he refused to accept this honor. Although he was born into a noble family, he devoted his life to scientific research and life. He never married and devoted his life to exploring natural science. 169 165438 On February 30th, the scientist who laid the foundation of chemical science in17th century died in London. Engels once gave him the highest evaluation: "Boyle identified chemistry as science."

Priestley —— Father of Gas Chemistry

Priestley 1733 was born in Leeds, England on March 13, and was raised by poor relatives. He entered the seminary on 175. After graduation, he spent most of his time as a priest, and chemistry was his hobby. He has many works in chemistry, electricity, natural philosophy and theology. He wrote many smug theological works, but it was his scientific works that made him immortal. 1764, when he was 3 1 years old, he wrote the history of electricity. At that time, it was a famous book. Because of its publication, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society at 1766.

1722, when he was 39 years old, he wrote a history of optics. It is also a masterpiece of 18 century. At that time, on the one hand, he served as a priest in Leeds, on the other hand, he began to engage in chemical research. His research on gases is quite effective. He used the generated hydrogen to study the effect of this gas on various metal oxides. In the same year, priestley also burned charcoal in a closed container and found that it could turn one-fifth of the air into carbonic acid gas. After being absorbed by lime water, the remaining gas does not help to burn or breathe. Because he believed in phlogiston, he called this residual gas "air saturated with phlogiston". Obviously, he used charcoal combustion and alkali absorption to remove oxygen and carbonic acid gas from the air and make nitrogen. In addition, he discovered nitric oxide and used it to analyze air. Hydrogen chloride, ammonia, sulfurous acid gas (carbon dioxide), nitrous oxide, oxygen and other gases have also been found or studied. 1766, his experiment and observation of several gases was published in three volumes. This book describes in detail the preparation or properties of various gases. Because of his outstanding achievements in gas research, he is called "the father of gas chemistry".

The most important thing in gas research is the discovery of oxygen. 1774, priestley put mercury soot (mercury oxide) into a glass dish and heated it with a condenser, and found that it quickly decomposed into gas. He thinks that the air has been released, so he collects the generated gas by gas collection and studies it. He found that the gas made the candle burn more brightly, and he felt relaxed and comfortable breathing. He made oxygen, and proved through experiments that oxygen has the properties of combustion-supporting and breathing. However, because he is a stubborn believer in phlogiston, he still thinks that air is a single gas, so he also calls this gas "dephosphorized air". The difference between its nature and the "air saturated with phlogiston" (nitrogen) discovered earlier is only the difference in phlogiston content, so its combustion-supporting ability is also different. In the same year, he visited Europe, exchanged many chemical views with lavoisier in Paris, and told lavoisier about the experiment of decomposing mercury and silver ash with condenser, which benefited lavoisier a lot. Lavoisier just repeated priestley's experiment about oxygen, and linked it with a large number of accurate experimental materials, made scientific analysis and judgment, and revealed the real connection between combustion and air. But it was not until 1783 that lavoisier's theory of combustion oxidation was generally considered to be correct. Priestley still refused to accept lavoisier's explanation, insisted on the wrong phlogiston theory, and wrote many articles against lavoisier's opinion. This is an interesting fact in the history of chemistry. A person who discovered oxygen became a person who opposed the theory of oxidation. However, priestley found that oxygen is an important factor in the vigorous development of chemistry. So chemists all over the world still respect Priestley.

179 1 year, he sympathized with the French revolution and made propaganda speeches for the revolution many times, but he was persecuted by some people, his home was copied, and books and experimental equipment were set on fire. He escaped alone and took refuge in London, but it was difficult for him to live in London for a long time. At the age of 6 1, he had to immigrate to the United States. Continue to engage in scientific research in the United States. 1804 is dead. People in Britain and America respect him very much, and England has a full-length statue of him. In the United States, the house where he lived has been built into a memorial hall, and the priestley Medal named after him has become the highest honor in American chemistry.