the history of Israel
Palestine, formerly known as Canaan, is located in the west of Asia, and its territory includes Israel, Jordan, Gaza and the West Bank. Historically, Palestine has always been a place where Jews and Arabs live together. At the end of the 12th century BC, Hebrew tribes, the ancestors of Jews, moved to Palestine. In the 11th century BC, wise and businesslike Jews established the Hebrew Kingdom here, which was once strong. In 7 AD, the Roman army occupied Jerusalem and destroyed the Jewish temple. In 135 AD, the Jews were expelled from Palestine, which began their wandering career lasting more than 18 years. From the day they were expelled from their homeland, the Jews never forgot to return to their homeland.
At the end of 19th century, a large-scale anti-Semitism wave appeared in Europe, and the ideological trend and movement of Zionism rose accordingly. In 1881, Pinsker, a Russian Jewish doctor, published the book "Self-liberation" and put forward the idea of establishing a Jewish nation-state. This book is regarded as the origin of Zionism. In 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which put forward the idea of Zionism completely. In response to the slogan of "Jews get out" that could be heard everywhere in Europe at that time, he wrote: "I want to ask this question in the simplest form now: Are we going out now? Where to go? " "The sovereignty of a certain part of the earth should be granted to us, and its area is enough to meet the normal needs of a nation; The rest will be done by ourselves. " Hecl's works have aroused great repercussions among Jews, but there have also been differences among Jews as to where this national homeland was built. They imagined South Africa and Argentina, and seriously considered Uganda, and voted for it. It was not until the first World Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland on August 29th, 1897 that it was finally defined as the cultural root of the Jews-Palestine.
This congress proposed that Jews should establish "a homeland (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". At the same time, the "World Zionist Organization" was established and began its activities. They organized Jews to emigrate to Palestine where Arabs have lived for centuries, and established the Jewish National Fund and the Palestinian Land Development Corporation. This congress was held in 1897, which is considered as the year when Jews began to put their homeland dreams into practice, and it is also considered as the beginning of the Palestinian-Israeli dispute.
during the first world war, Palestine was occupied by the British, and became a "mandated territory" of Britain after the war. On November 2, 1917, British Foreign Secretary Belfo wrote to Rothschild, vice-chairman of Zionist Union, claiming that "His Majesty's Government is in favor of establishing a Jewish national state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization". This letter was later called the Balfour Declaration. On this basis, Jews began to immigrate to Palestine in large numbers. However, this move was strongly opposed by local Arabs in Palestine, who put pressure on Britain by means of riots and strikes to restrict Jewish immigration. The unrest lasted for three years. At the same time, Jews who had no livelihood under Nazi persecution continued to emigrate to Palestine in large numbers. By 1939, the total number of Jews who had emigrated to Palestine had increased to 445,.
During 1936-1939, Britain proposed to establish a Jewish state (much smaller than that later designated by the United Nations) and an Arab state respectively in Palestine, but the Arabs rejected it. In May 1939, the British government was afraid of further arousing the resistance of Arab countries, so it took the initiative to show goodwill to Arab countries and put forward the so-called White Paper on Palestine. The white paper puts forward that in the next five years, only 15 thousand Jews will be moved in each year; Restrict Jews from buying Arab land, and prepare to gradually hand over Palestine to a local government with a majority of Arabs, under which Jews can exercise a high degree of autonomy. The Arab unrest has subsided, but it is obviously not an easy task to build trust between Jews and Arabs with strong opposition.
The publication of the White Paper on Palestine coincided with the day when European Jews were struggling to find an oasis to settle down in order to escape the Nazi Holocaust. In the Nazi Holocaust, one third of the Jews in the world were killed, and the total number of victims reached 6 million, leaving few Jews in Europe. Before the British declared war on Germany, the local Jews and the trusteeship authorities were on the brink of war because they insisted on the position of the White Paper and refused to let persecuted German and Austrian Jews enter Palestine. It is only based on the hatred of German fascism that the violence is limited. However, in wartime, Jewish commandos never stopped destroying British facilities that intercepted illegal immigrants.
After World War II, hundreds of thousands of Polish Jewish prisoners liberated from Nazi concentration camps became homeless. They can't return to their hometown, because at this time, there have been incidents of killing returning Jews in various parts of Poland; Except for a few Nordic countries, war-torn western European countries are unable to accommodate them; Even the United States, known as an immigrant country, is reluctant to open its doors. At this time, the only one who welcomes them with open arms is the Jewish community in Palestine. As Britain continued to adhere to the policy of the White Paper, the conflict between Jewish commandos and British trusteeship authorities escalated. Jews bombed roads and bridges, attacked camps where illegal immigrants were detained and assassinated British officials.
For Britain, this will be an unpopular war. At this time, Hitler's crime of killing 6 million Jews is being gradually exposed, and international public opinion is sympathetic to the Jews. It is really unreasonable to let those liberated Polish Jews continue to live in concentration camps. With the exposure of the secret documents of the Axis, Britain's decision to reject Italy's proposal and disapprove of the transfer of German and Austrian Jews to Palestine through Italy was also made public, and public opinion regarded Britain as an accomplice in the massacre of Jews. Under the pressure of international public opinion, Britain decided to get away from Palestine. On February 15, 1947, Britain announced that it would hand over the hot potato of Palestine to the United Nations.
On November 29th, 1947, the second session of the United Nations General Assembly voted for the partition of Palestine with 33 votes in favor, 13 votes against (including 1 Islamic countries) and 1 abstentions, namely, UN Resolution 181. The resolution stipulates that Britain will end its mandated rule in Palestine and withdraw its troops before August 1, 1948; Two months later, two countries were established on the land of Palestine, namely, the Arab State and the Jewish State. According to the blueprint of the partition resolution, the territory of the Arab State can reach 11,23 square kilometers, accounting for about 43% of the total area of Palestine at that time. The population is 725, Arabs and 1, Jews. The land of the Jewish State is 14,942 square kilometers, accounting for about 57% of the total area of Palestine. Among the population, there are 497, Arabs and 598, Jews. The resolution also stipulates that an international special regime for the city of Jerusalem shall be established and administered by the United Nations. The Soviet Union, for the sake of the Labor Party in power for Israel, changed the anti-Semitic attitude inherent in the period of imperial Russia, made great efforts for the founding of Israel, and gave diplomatic and military support to the establishment and consolidation of the State of Israel. Gromyko, Permanent Representative of the Soviet Union to the United Nations, gave a touching speech at the UN General Assembly, which played an important role in the smooth passage of Resolution 181. However, Britain, which had vowed to support the Jewish restoration in the Balfour Declaration, abstained from voting at this time.
At that time, there were more than 1.2 million Arabs in Palestine, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total population. However, the territory of the Arab State in the partition resolution only accounts for 43% of the total area of Palestine. What is even more intolerable to Arabs is that the territory of Arab countries is fragmented and disconnected, and most of them are hilly and barren areas. The Jewish state is not the case. Although there are only 6, Jews, accounting for less than one third of the total population, their territory accounts for 57% of the total area of Palestine, and most of them are located in the coastal areas with fertile land.
On the afternoon of May 14th, 1948, the square in front of Tel Aviv Museum of Modern Art was crowded with Jews. At 4 pm, Ben-Gurion, the 1.6-meter-tall "father of the founding of Israel", announced the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel. Ben-Gurion became the first Prime Minister of Israel.
The news of the founding of Israel spread all over the world by radio waves, and most countries responded positively. Seventeen minutes after Ben-Gurion announced the founding of the People's Republic of China, White House Press Secretary Charlie Rose announced to reporters that the United States recognized Israel. The proclamation recognizing Israel was drafted by Americans before they knew the name of this new country. When he learned that the country was named "Israel", President Truman crossed out the word "Jewish State" on the proclamation with a pen and changed it to "Israel". On May 17th, the Soviet Union announced its recognition of Israel.
On May 15th, 1948, the day after Israel declared its founding, Britain announced the end of its mandated rule in Palestine. On the same day, the armies of the Arab League countries Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan (renamed Jordan in 195) successively entered Palestine. At the same time, the Arab League issued a statement declaring that it was in a state of war against Israel, and the first Middle East war broke out. The history of this war is called "Palestinian War".
Different from the later Middle East wars, Britain and the United States sided with the Arabs in the Palestinian war out of long-term strategic considerations in the Arab world. It was the Soviet Union that gave full support to Israel for the new country. At that time, Czechoslovakia, which was under the control of the Soviet Union, not only provided Israel with a large number of arms, but also provided Israel with a special airport, established air corridors and trained the air force and paratroopers for Israel. At the time of the war, several Jewish soldiers of the US Air Force stationed in Europe risked court martial and stole three heavy bombers. After the airport in Czechoslovakia was filled with bombs, they took off to bomb Cairo and Damascus.
Due to mutual suspicion and internal discord among the Arab countries participating in the war, King Abdullah of foreign Jordan and King Farouk of Egypt made their own calculations, which enabled Israel, which had only guerrilla strength, to take the initiative in the war. In mid-July, at the urging of Britain and the United States, Israel declared a ceasefire, but sporadic fighting continued until 1949. After the war, Palestine was divided into three parts: Israel occupied 78% of the total area of Palestine, exceeding the area of more than 5,7 square kilometers stipulated in the Partition Resolution; The West Bank is under the jurisdiction of Jordan; The Gaza Strip is under Egyptian jurisdiction. Nearly a million Palestinians have been expelled from their homes and become refugees.
The failure of the First Middle East War made the surrounding Arab countries feel ashamed, and the atmosphere of revolution was everywhere. In March, August and December 1949, there were three coups in Syria. In July 1951, King Abdullah and his son of Jordan were assassinated by Palestinian refugees. King Abdullah's 18-year-old grandson Hussein survived because a bullet hit a medal pinned to his chest by his grandfather. In 1953, he succeeded to the throne of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. In July 1952, Egyptian soldiers overthrew the Farouk dynasty, and Nasser, the leader of the Freedom Officers Organization, became president in June 1956.
overview in color
country name: the state of Israel
independence day: may 14th, 1948. Israel declared its independence on May 14th, 1948. Although the Gregorian calendar is adopted in daily life in Israel, the Jewish calendar is adopted in national festivals. Therefore, the annual independence day is not necessarily May 14th of the Gregorian calendar.
National Day: May 14th (1948)
The national flag is rectangular, and the ratio of length to width is about 3: 2. The flag is white, with a blue broadband above and below. Blue and white come from the color of the shawl used by Jews in prayer. In the middle of the white flag is a blue six-pointed star, which is the star of King David of ancient Israel and symbolizes the power of the country.
national emblem: it is a rectangular coat of arms. There is a seven-branched candlestick on the blue shield. According to records, this candlestick was used to light the altar in the Jerusalem Temple. The candlestick is decorated with olive branches on both sides, symbolizing the Jewish desire for peace. Under the candlestick is written "State of Israel" in Hebrew.
National anthem: Song of Hope
National dignitaries: President Moshe Katsav, who took office in 2; Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister, took office in March 21 and served as Prime Minister again in February 23; Foreign Minister silvan shalom; Shaul mofaz, Minister of Defense; Simon Peres, the interim speaker; Chief of Staff Moshe Ya 'alon; Maxim Levy, general secretary of Likud Group.
Rabin, the former Israeli Prime Minister who devoted himself to peace in the Middle East
The Old City of Jerusalem in the moonlight
Physical geography: According to the provisions of the 1947 United Nations resolution on the partition of Palestine, the area of the State of Israel is 14,9 square kilometers. Located in the west of Asia, bordering Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the Gulf of Aqaba in the south, it is the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. The coastal area is a long and narrow plain, and there are mountains and plateaus in the east. It has a Mediterranean climate.
population: 6.259 million (counted in 2, including Jewish residents in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem), of which Jews account for 76.7%, Arabs, Druze and others account for 23.3%. Hebrew is the national language, and Arabic is the official language, and English is commonly used. Judaism is the state religion. About 85% of the residents believe in Judaism and 13% believe in Islam.
Jewish New Year wailing wall Prayer
Capital: Tel Aviv when the People's Republic of China was founded, and moved to Jerusalem in 195, which is not universally recognized. On July 3th, 198, the Knesset passed a bill declaring Jerusalem as the "eternal and indivisible capital" of Israel, but its seat of government is still in Tel Aviv. "[For the status and ownership of Jerusalem, Arab countries have always been controversial with Israel. Arab countries demand that" Israel withdraw from all Arab territories it has occupied since 1967, including Arab Jerusalem (referring to East Jerusalem) ". Most countries that have diplomatic relations with Israel still have their embassies in Tel Aviv]. The population of Jerusalem is about 634, (2). Wailing wall
A brief history of the landmark "Ship Building" in Haifa
: Israel has a long history and is the birthplace of Judaism, Islam and Christianity, the world's major religions. The distant ancestor of the Jews was the Hebrew, a branch of the ancient Semitic people. At the end of 13th century BC, he moved from Egypt to Palestine, and successively established the Kingdom of Hebrew and the Kingdom of Israel. In 722 BC and 586 BC, these two kingdoms were successively occupied by Assyrians.