Policies and measures to protect agriculture such as protection, agricultural insurance, popularization of science and technology, and protection of ecological environment.
Industry. Promote the development of agricultural economy.
One of the policies: financial support
Financial support for agriculture is the most direct indicator reflecting the level of agricultural protection. Hairy outward
In the process of developing market economy, governments all over the world attach great importance to using fiscal policies to support agriculture.
Even in capitalist countries with developed agriculture, supporting agriculture is no exception. Finance, culture and agriculture
The main measures are: increasing financial input; Implement preferential agricultural tax policy;
The implementation of financial subsidies for food and agriculture is described as follows.
Increase financial input.
Adequate capital investment plays a very important role in agricultural development. In developed countries
The implementation of national and various agricultural policies is backed by strong financial support.
Yes In all kinds of capital investment, financial investment accounts for a large proportion.
Heavy. Generally speaking, agricultural investment in the United States, Japan and Western European countries accounts for the proportion of total investment.
It is greater than the proportion of agricultural GDP in the gross national product, while industrial investment is
The proportion of total investment in the national economy is far lower than that of total industrial output value in the gross national product.
The proportion of. The situation in various countries also shows that although the share of agriculture is relatively reduced,
The absolute amount of financial investment in agriculture in the national economy is not fixed.
The share has decreased and shrunk, but it has increased greatly. It can be said that it is a work of developed countries.
Industry "subsidizes" agriculture, and the investment policy is inclined to agriculture. Many developing countries are also very
Attach importance to increasing investment in agriculture. For example, since 1970s, India has changed its national investment preference.
The heavy industry policy has greatly increased investment in agriculture, and the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" (1978- 1983
During the period), rural construction and agricultural investment accounted for 43. 1% of the total planned expenditure, exceeding
More than the proportion of industrial investment. From the direction of financial investment in agriculture, this is the case in all countries.
The laws are basically the same: first, it is used for agricultural infrastructure construction, agricultural education, scientific research and technology.
Technology promotion, resource development, utilization and protection, and holding rural public utilities, etc.
Face; The second is the compensatory expenditure on agriculture, aiming at maintaining the price level of agricultural products and agriculture.
Industry income, including price support, production restriction, export encouragement, etc. Foreign wealth
Many achievements have been made in implementing the policy of supporting agriculture and raising social funds to increase agricultural input.
Merit experience. Take the United States as an example Agriculture has become the three main sources of direct financial investment in the United States.
The other two departments are national defense and basic scientific research. If you put the link
Agricultural foreign languages of state, state and local governments are counted together, so the agricultural budget is in the federal budget.
Second only to defense expenditure in calculation. In the implementation of fiscal policy, it is characterized by the establishment of politics.
Policy company, and through financial assistance to the policy company and the development of the company's business,
Effectively intervene in agricultural production, agricultural products market and agricultural capital market. policy
In addition to accepting government funding and complying with relevant policies and regulations, the company follows the market economy.
The operation of law combines the government's intention with the market economy and plays a macro-control role in agriculture.
Play an important role. The United States also has many practices in raising funds to increase agricultural input.
Effective measures: (1) The federal government directly supports agricultural infrastructure construction and agriculture.
Industrial education, scientific research, technology promotion, etc. ; (2) The federal government guides state and local governments.
Support agricultural development, such as the adoption of the Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Law by Congress and the federal government.
To provide funds to countries that accept laws and regulations and establish agricultural science and technology extension organizations;
(3) coordinate the use of fiscal policy and financial policy, and give full play to the role of policy finance.
Using a small amount of financial funds as the capital and operating expenses of policy banks,
Make policy banks absorb and use a lot of social funds to support agriculture; (4) Attention
Widely attract private investment; (five) the use of capital markets to raise funds to support agriculture, such as issuing bonds.
Bonds and stocks, reasonable fees and the sale of public land. These measures are of great significance to agricultural capital.
The financing of gold has played a positive role.
Implement preferential agricultural tax policies.
In order to reduce agricultural costs and improve competitiveness, the French government has implemented agricultural development.
A series of preferential tax policies. For example, farmers are given a tax rebate of 10% for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools.
Deduction. The purchase of agricultural machinery fuel is tax-free, the social donation fee is reduced by 9.5%, and the agricultural land is reduced.
Local tax 9%; The land cultivated by 50% young people will be reduced or exempted within five years.
Taxes. After the tax reform in Japan from 65438 to 0950, the tax burden of farmers began to decrease.
Especially after Japan's rapid economic growth, the government's tax revenue from industry has increased rapidly.
In addition, implement the policy of "industry feeds back agriculture" and actively support agriculture. In Japan, agricultural work
On the whole, it is no longer the main source of fiscal revenue, but an important part of fiscal expenditure.
noodle The preferential tax system in the United States has promoted the expansion of agricultural production scale and reduced agricultural output.
Product price. Personal income tax occupies the most important position in the American tax system, among which
All kinds of people who get net income have to pay personal income tax, and agriculture is practiced.
This tax has made some special provisions: the net income of agriculture (excluding tax) is based on
The purchase and sale voucher is calculated, and the income is calculated according to the products that have been sold but not yet sold.
The value of products sold is not included; Farmers' net income is based on their current total income.
Dynamic conditions to determine, included in its income is the income after the actual sales revenue.
As for farmers' expenses, farmers have the right to deduct them all from their income.
Expenditure department, so that farmers can flexibly calculate the amount of net income that my farmers can rely on.
Forecast the rate of price increase, determine the most favorable proportion of revenue and expenditure, and use the lowest tax rate or
Deferred tax payment to the next year. On the other hand, the US tax incentives for agriculture are
Some inputs of means of production are accounted into daily expenses and all written off within one year. this
These expenses include: the expenses before the vineyard is put into operation and the expenses before the production of herds is supplemented.
Calf breeding cost, land clearing cost, lime application cost and environmental protection cost.
(the range can reach 25% of the application fee). The added benefit of this tax preference.
It lies in the investment in soil improvement, water and soil resources protection and animal husbandry.
There is no tax, which helps to reduce the total tax payment. The United States also practices a kind of capital proliferation.
Special tax and preferential tax rate for capital increase are very important for expanding herds and creating perennial forests and soil.
Special encouragement has been given to investment in land improvement. In the United States, farmers who use wage labor
Farmers usually don't have to pay unemployment tax. Only when farmers hire more than 10 workers,
In the case of working more than 20 weeks a year or workers' wages are high, farmers
Is the taxpayer of this tax.
Give financial subsidies to agriculture (mainly food).
Since 1930s, more and more countries and regions have begun to attach importance to agriculture.
Subsidies have become a common world economic phenomenon. look around
Throughout the world, from the United States, Japan and western European countries with highly developed economies and fully mechanized agriculture,
To Africa, Latin America and Africa where the economy is poor and backward and agriculture is still in a state of manual labor.
Many countries in Asia subsidize food in different forms and become food policies.
And price policy. The United States began to implement it from Roosevelt in the 1930s.
Since the "New Deal", a variety of supportive subsidies have been implemented for grain. European body multi-pass method
Legal form, determine the form and amount of food subsidies. A big developing country in South America.
In order to achieve the goal of food self-sufficiency stipulated in the Agricultural Outline, Brazil adopted cereals.
Various forms of subsidies have been adopted. Many developing countries have adopted non-price measures,
Improve grain production capacity and efficiency. Like Bangladesh, Egypt, Kenya, Jordan,
Malta, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Saudi Arabia.
Countries such as Belgium adopt non-price policies to provide subsidies for food. At present, all countries are interested in agriculture.
Subsidies (mainly food) are increasing, which is quite huge. Such as Canada, only
1986 providing agricultural producers with agricultural stability law subsidies and crop insurance.
Subsidy measures provide farmers with income subsidies equivalent to 18.29% of their agricultural output value.
The United States directly supplements it through price difference subsidies, crop insurance and disaster subsidies.
Sticking string reached 15.62%. Japan also has 3.48% and Australia has 2.72%.
There are many kinds of subsidies for agriculture (mainly food) in the world, which can generally be
It is characterized by the following eight objectives: (1) combining subsidies with stable production and stable market.
Field, stable supply of food; (2) Balance the total amount of subsidies and structural supply and demand.
A balanced combination; (3) Combining subsidies with promoting agricultural structural adjustment; (4) Subsidies
At the same time, improve the competitiveness in the world grain market; (5) Subsidies and development from
However, the economy in poor areas is integrated; (6) subsidies and social security, that is, to meet
Combining the basic living needs of low-income residents; (7) Subsidies and reasonable increase
The combination of farmers' income; (8) The combination of subsidies and macro-control. Of course, different countries
Countries and regions, the scope, types and forms of agricultural subsidies, and the future of subsidies.
Source, there is a difference. From different angles, subsidies can be divided into different categories.
Type.
Divided by subsidy function: First, promote production. Generally speaking, countries with food shortages adopt
Adopt various subsidies to improve grain production capacity and increase total grain output. Lots of hair
Subsidies from developing countries fall into this category. The second type is stable supply type. There is a serious surplus of grain.
The goal pursued by the state in implementing subsidies is to stabilize the total grain output and reduce a large amount.
The burden caused by excess, maintain sufficient and stable supply. As Europe handles enough supplies.
The quantity is determined to be 65438+600 million tons. The third is to adjust the circulation type. Regulate regions and seasons through subsidies.
Economical, rich and diverse, ensuring market supply and meeting the needs of residents. Japan 1986
The annual agricultural product marketing subsidy string is 1.44%, which is relatively high in New Zealand.
2.30%。 So are Canada, Europe, the United States and Australia. The fourth is to strengthen
Foreign trade type. In order to maintain and expand its market share, the United States, a major grain exporter, has supplemented it.
Persist in enhancing grain competitiveness and expanding grain exports. Fifth, social poverty alleviation. Through support
Sex subsidies to support the development of natural resources and economic development in poor areas, so that backward areas
Get rid of poverty and get rich. For example, in Europe, places in naturally disadvantaged areas are divided into two categories.
Area, mainly distributed in Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain and Italy,
And implement supporting subsidies for these two types of areas. In the late 1980s, Germany helped the poor.
The amount of subsidies provided is as high as 740 million German marks, and there are about 244,000 peasant family enterprises.
The industry is subsidized.
Divided by subsidy objects: First, producer subsidies. Many countries in the world, especially
It is developing countries that provide subsidies for agricultural means of production to reduce the health level of food producers.
Production cost. The subsidy targets are chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plant protection agents, agricultural machinery and agricultural diesel.
Wait a minute. If the meaning of grain producer subsidies is extended to all agricultural inputs, then
Yao, agricultural infrastructure construction, agricultural commodity base construction, grain and other agricultural products.
Market construction, protection and management of rivers and coastlines can also be included in producer support.
The scope of sexual subsidies. The second is consumer subsidies. A considerable number of poor developing countries.
Go home. Combine food subsidies with social security policies to meet demand at a lower supply price.
The needs of low-income residents. There are many ways to subsidize, such as supplying food or staple food at low prices.
Goods, the implementation of food or bread rations, or targeted compensation for poor residents.
Insist. However, consumer subsidies, not every consumer can get a "subsidized cake."
It is to subsidize poor consumers of social workers. The third is operator subsidies. Some grain exports
China provides grain export subsidies to business operators and encourages the expansion of exports. Just like the food in Europe.
Laws and regulations, for grain and its products, flour, barley malt, etc. , according to the export quantity,
Subsidies are provided in the fields of quality and export. However, export subsidies have strict boundaries, such as small amounts.
The export volume of wheat is determined to be between1300-14 million tons, which is relatively small.
Wheat export can get export subsidies; The total amount exceeded shall not be subsidized. In addition, for food
Warehousing also provides subsidies to ensure a balanced listing of grain.
In addition to the above subsidies, there are: transitional subsidies for grain stocks, namely
In order to stabilize market prices, encourage farmers to store food subsidies; Temporary rest and drainage of farmland
Sticky, mainly because some surplus countries directly reduce the total grain output and balance it.
Interventions on the relationship between supply and demand, such as Belgium, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other countries have formulated up to one.
Regulations on the implementation of subsidies; Like Germany and many other countries, natural disaster subsidies are farmers' relocation subsidies.
In order to innovate villages, beautify the environment, improve sanitary conditions or develop entertainment places and buildings.
Need to build kindergartens, roads and other public welfare undertakings, and provide subsidies for the relocation of farmers' families, or
It encourages and helps young farmers to engage in professional agricultural activities and provides them with a home.
Subsidies; Land transfer subsidy, taking Germany as a typical example, is to promote the adjustment of agricultural structure.
On the whole, expand the scale of agricultural enterprises and encourage enterprises without operational ability through economic means.
Owners, or business owners whose interests have been transferred to K agricultural industry, transfer the land and lease it for a long time.
Land owners provide land transfer subsidies.
The effect of financial support for agriculture is obvious. It provides conditions for the stable development of agriculture.
Providing financial guarantee; Preferential tax policies have reduced the costs of agricultural producers and operators and increased.
Increased their income; Financial subsidies can stabilize agricultural production, market and improve agriculture.
Product competitiveness, improve the income of agricultural producers and operators, and make up for the low comparative interests of agriculture.
Defects, policies to achieve social stability, etc. However, the implementation of the financial policy of supporting agriculture has brought
The biggest direct personnel problem is to increase the financial burden, especially some arrears.
To reach the country, due to limited financial resources, it is impossible to guarantee the implementation of the policy of achieving one goal. It's been many years.
In recent years, many countries have put forward the reason of "reducing financial funds for agriculture".