Evolution and development trend of authoritarian centralized system

Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Establish, consolidate and improve the peak of totalitarianism

↓↓

Central and local governments to solve this contradiction → contradictions to be solved, monarchy and related rights

The positive significance of safeguarding national unity and strengthening dictatorship,

The development trend of negative influence: continue to strengthen the transition from totalitarianism to authoritarianism.

Second, division and unity.

(1) Decentralization of feudal natural economy. (dominant)

(2) Authoritarian centralized rule weakens separatist forces and local expansion. political corruption

(3) the power struggle within the feudal ruling group. (Intensify contradictions)

(4) Contradictions and struggles between the ruling classes of the people of all ethnic groups.

2, unification is the inevitable trend of historical development, the reason is:

(1) Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the establishment and development of centralization of authority has effectively consolidated a unified multi-ethnic country.

(2) From the ideological point of view, has China's country implemented the requirements of unified thinking and development ideas? "Great Unity", Confucianism, became the ideological source of China's strong cohesion.

(3) National integration has strengthened the cohesion between countries. Strong attraction

(4) The advanced economy and culture of the Han nationality yearn for the Central Plains. conquer

Evaluation:

(1) Division is a tributary, and the development of history, in short, plays a secondary role.

(1) See that the feudal society was divided for less than several hundred years. Dynasties

(2) The important dynasty of the unified dynasty had a great and far-reaching influence.

③ From the time of division, we can see the unity of teachers and varieties.

(2) The specific analysis, especially the division and unification of a divided country, cannot be generalized, nor can we simply deny division.

(3) The mainstream of unified historical development is in an important position. We should fully affirm the role of national unity in the historical process.

Career ups and downs.

(1) With the split of the ruling class, a new dynasty was established in a long-term war. The adjustment of the general rulers' ruling policies will recognize the power of the people, draw lessons from the demise of the previous dynasties and adjust policies for governance, strengthen centralized political and economic cultivation and interest-bearing policies, and the rapid development of social economy will lead to the way of governing the country.

(2) Under the unified conditions, the political situation is stable and the political economy is prosperous. (Kaiyuan Shi Sheng)

(3) Serious social crisis, adjustment and economic reform and ZTE. (medium)

(4) Enlightened policies and harmonious and friendly exchanges among ethnic groups. (Zhenguan rule)

5] The hard work of the broad masses of working people.

2. troubled times

(1) rules darkness and decay. Neglect of public affairs, such as the emperor's reuse of traitors and eunuchs, led to the phenomenon of wives or eunuchs. (Han, Tang, Ming)

(2) contradictions within the ruling class have intensified. (or the contradiction between the central and local governments intensifies)

Concentrate on weakening local separatist forces. For example: Eastern Han Dynasty, Late Tang Dynasty

Power struggles and contradictions within the ruling class have intensified. For example: Western Jin Dynasty

(3) The role of the peasant war. A large amount of land was annexed by landlords, which led to peasant exile and peasant uprising.

(4) Natural disasters.

3. Understanding

(1) The strategy of governing the country affirmed its progressive role, but it should be noted that all classes have not changed fundamentally, and the basic social contradictions-the status of the peasant class and the landlord class remain unchanged. This is the ruling class's strategy of exploiting farmers.

(2) The influence of social and economic development in troubled times has done great harm to people's lives. ：

(1) People of all ethnic groups live and struggle together in troubled times, which is conducive to national integration.

(2) Local unified regional rulers are conducive to the development of local economy, their own survival and strengthening economic recovery and development.

(3) To analyze specific problems. about

Although the Seven-Country Uprising and Rebellion were both rebels, the results were different. After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, we concentrated on strengthening; An Shi rebellion, the strength was weakened.

Fourth, adjustment and reform.

1, same point

(1) background. After being overthrown before a large-scale peasant war, the rulers have the power to learn from the previous demise and know this. same

(2) purpose. The purpose is to restore and develop social economy and consolidate feudal autocratic rule.

2 measures (same and different)

(1) Economy:

(1) Liberate the productive forces.

Laborers and freed slaves before liberation; Late relaxed personal attachment,

(2) The person who lightens the burden-tax minus three is from 15.

③ Close integration of people and land-resettlement, renamed Tian.

(2) politics:

(1) constraint rulers, austerity, clarify bureaucracy (Wen Di, Ming Taizu).

(2) Commuting sentences and alleviating class contradictions.

③ Strengthen the centralized solution of internal contradictions.

3. Post evaluation

(1) adjustment or reform, from the economic point of view, can promote the recovery and development of production, enhance national strength, prosperity and intensity (rich and strong in different periods, poor in the Eastern Han Dynasty), and there will be more peace and prosperity.

⑵ From a political point of view, the adjustment and stability of the ruling order after the reform ensured social stability, improved the systematic feudal rule and society, and promoted development.

(3) Promote cultural prosperity from the aspects of culture, political stability and economic prosperity.

4, continuous reform

(1) Guanzhong reform-from the reform of Qiang Bing, a rich social country.

(2) Shang Yang-the political reform of feudal landlord class.

(3) Wang Anshi-feudal absolutism, the relationship between division and centralization, the reform of social adjustment and the adjustment and reform of ruling policies.

(1) concentrate on strengthening adjustment and reform, and split and unify closely related ups and downs. Link understanding: when it is more difficult, there is no successful reform, no unsuccessful reform or adjustment, and no divided troubled times. A prosperous period of unification and successful reform or adjustment; In turn, the success of the reform led to the emergence of a unified Saatchi. about

(2) Adjust the close relationship with reform and division, strengthen and weaken centralization and unity, with ups and downs.

(3) Reflect the superstructure on the economic basis.

Politics and thought of intransitive verbs

(1) The historical trend of the separation and unification of legalist ideology and legalist ideology reflects the need to establish centralized autocracy.

(2) The historical view put forward by Legalists, the development of evolutionary factors and the enterprising spirit of reforming the old system reflect the emerging landlord class.

(3) Legalism is conducive to national unity and the establishment of autocratic feudalism and centralization, which will follow the above-mentioned year 2000. "

(4) Legalist ideology encourages painful torture, while draconian laws are not conducive to long-term stability. The combined rulers abused the people's power, which was beyond the power of the peasant class. So class contradictions intensified and Qin Ershi died.

2. Taoist thought

The practice of "governing by doing nothing" proves that Taoism is the ruling class that pursues the open policy.

(1) When it meets the needs of society, it plays a role in promoting the recovery and development of production, and it has the way of governing the country. During the Qin and Han dynasties, in this chaotic period, the poor people and rulers adopted the policy of "land to the tiller"-the Taoist way of governing the country. Han, Tang and Ming dynasties.

(2) The social stability and production development that have not adapted to it, the political and economic development of Taoist thought of "ruling by doing nothing", such as the problem of "ruling by Wenjing" in the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu problem in the Western Han Dynasty, the political thought of ruling by doing nothing is promising for the kingdom, and Confucianism is influenced by Taoist thought.

3. Confucian thought of "great unification"

Confucius' Benevolent Policy China → Mencius' Benevolent Policy → Dong Zhongshu's Thought of "Great Unity"

The influence of Confucianism on China and feudal society is enormous, which objectively helps to strengthen centralization and consolidate the country, ease class contradictions and social stability, and is conducive to the long-term stability of feudal society. Since then, Confucianism has become the dominant orthodoxy in feudal society.

4, political development trend (law).

Controversy →A's dictatorship (Qin) → Exclusion and respect for Confucianism.

Ideological control of rulers

(1) Qin burned books to bury Confucianism, and the Western Han Dynasty abandoned other schools, preferring stereotyped writing of Confucian scholars to go to the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty. future

(2) Using religion (in the early Western Han Dynasty, the rulers used religion)

Ancient economic history of China

Cause, economic development, national unity, social stability, political clarity and political stability.

2. Strengthen ideological control, pay attention to adjusting the policies of the ruling class and encourage the development of production.

3. Drive a large-scale peasant war.

4. The population migration in the Central Plains spread advanced production technologies and tools, so no matter how the economy develops.

5. Economic and cultural exchanges between regions and countries, and exchanges between China and foreign countries.

The development of science and technology.

7. The hard work of most people promotes the development of production.

Second, the general performance of China's ancient economic development

agriculture

The general manifestations of agricultural development are: the improvement of production tools, the improvement of agricultural technology, the river regulation project of water conservancy to promote valley, the introduction of crops, the reclamation (increase) of mu, the output (increase) and the population (increase).

2, handicrafts

The development of handicraft industry is as follows: (1) There are many handicrafts: textiles, metalworking, ceramics and paper making; (2) The departments are expanded and the varieties are increased. (3) Improve, improve and raise the production quality and technical level.

According to the book, the development of handicraft industry includes: Xuzhou, a place for smelting iron and coal in the Western Han Dynasty, and a coal and metal processing center in the Northern Song Dynasty; Coke ironmaking in Ming Dynasty (Foshan).

3. Business

Types of business development: the improvement of commodity quality, the emergence of cities, the expansion of foreign trade and the development of exchange rate changes.

4. Major water conservancy projects

① Lingqu in Qin Dynasty. ⑵ Wu Hanjiang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. (3) The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty. (4) In the Tang Dynasty, a large area? Rivers.

5] Five Dynasties Qiantang River seawall. (6) The water of Yuan Dynasty was transported to the construction of the canal.

The Stage Characteristics of China's Ancient Economic Development

1, slave society-Ma Shusi.

2. Feudal society

(1) Stage functions in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties />( 1) Wide range of commodities; Form a central market; (3) The rise of feudal cities.

⑵ Stage characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties

(1) In the mid-Tang Dynasty, cities prospered and e-commerce became increasingly developed; & ltBR/(2) The government's commercial market has strict time and place restrictions;

③ Vigorously develop foreign trade and maritime trade formulated by the government.

⑶ Five Dynasties stage-Yuan Dynasty function

① The development and characteristics of commodity economy in Song Dynasty;

(2) The prosperity of urban economy has broken the limitation of space;

(3) The emergence of a new currency-paper money.

(4) establishing border trade market-monopoly field;

(5) Food, agricultural products (tea) and handicraft raw materials (silk, etc.). ) and a lot of market access;

⑥ Develop overseas trade.

All landowners Yuan Dadu, water transportation, sea transportation and overseas trade (Quanzhou Port).

(4) the stage characteristics of Ming and Qing Dynasties.

① Professional cities appear .../> ② The development of foreign trade in the early Ming Dynasty-Zheng He's voyage to the West;

③ Free market;

(4) The seeds of capitalism.

⑤ Silver has become a common currency.

4 Importance

Economic system and economic policy, economic system and economic policy

(1) Tax basis change:

Poll tax → land property tax → rebel lords

(Han) (Tang) (Qing)

The feudal state controlled by individuals gradually relaxed the peasants and gradually declined the feudal system. alterative

(2) Collection is a kind of slavery → money rent. War tax to illustrate the development of commodity economy. Change: a lot of taxes →

(3) The tax revenue is gradually decreasing. Paying taxes is simple.

(4) Farmers' owners must fight for military service for a period of time. Signs of mediocrity.

5. Heavy commodity taxes and the development of commodity economy.

2. The ancient economic policies and political relations were to adjust the relations of production in rural areas to the level of productive forces, promote the development of productive forces, promote economic development and promote social progress, otherwise it would hinder economic development and social progress.

& gt China's ancient price suppression policy.

Evaluation:

(1) As early as feudal society, the agricultural repression policy and the consolidation of the emerging landlord class regime played a positive role in social and economic development.

(2) At the end of feudal society, active in the development of productive forces, commodity economy, stubborn restrictive policies and opposition, the development of commerce and agriculture, and the germination of agricultural capitalism violated the law of economic development and hindered the subsequent economic development.

The intransitive verb, the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River and the southward shift of the economic center of ancient China,

China's ancient economic center of gravity moved south, which has three distinct characteristics:

(1) A large number of people crossed the northern border, bringing advanced production technology, production experience and labor force, reflecting the highest level of labor.

(3) The southward movement of the political center has certain influence on the economic center in the south.

2,

(1) Political stability is a prerequisite for economic development.

(2) Sufficient historical enlightenment can make rational use of foreign labor, advanced production equipment and technology to promote economic development.

(3) We must attach importance to the leaders of economic development.

Ethnic Relations and Diplomatic Relations: Ethnic Relations in Ancient China

1, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities live in mixed communities, showing the characteristics of large dispersion and small settlements.

2. Because of the contradiction between people of all ethnic groups in different directions and at different levels and the surrounding nomadic agricultural countries, even wars.

Second, the main types of ethnic relations

Relations between countries, ethnic relations between different regimes in the same country.

The expression of the relationship between the three ethnic groups

The role of peace and democracy is to weaken the damage of the country and promote economic and cultural exchanges.

Intercity-economic and trade exchanges between countries controlled by the government. Usually at the border of intercity places.

Restrict the actions of both sides with a "peace treaty" or "discussion" that ends with the alliance-the two regimes.

2. The mainstream ethnic relations, the general trend is peaceful * * * friendly exchanges with people of all ethnic groups throughout the country * * * with the creation of Chinese national culture, and * * * with the development of people of all ethnic groups in the motherland. In mutual learning and communication, * * * struggles with labor and * * * struggles against merger, forming an inseparable whole.

Summarize national integration.

1, in the early stage of development in the Spring and Autumn Period, our nation was greatly integrated. Merger war, strengthen the relationship between China and neighboring ethnic minorities, and promote national integration.

2. The development period of establishing a unified multi-ethnic country in Qin and Han Dynasties. People of all ethnic groups have had more comprehensive exchanges, further developed their economy and culture and formed a unified country. The relationship between the Northern Han Dynasty and Xiongnu Qin, Nanyue nationality, western regions and southwest development will strengthen the politics and economy of the Central Plains and ethnic minorities.

3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are the climax of ethnic integration in Chinese history.

(1) ethnic minorities in the process of feudal economic development and feudal ethnic integration;

(2) The five families merged into a great nation.

(3) Ethnic minorities have no long-term stable political power, and at this time their development is relatively backward;

(4) With the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, the gap between the North and the South has narrowed, and there is a unified trend.

4. Ethnic integration in Sui and Tang Dynasties (national unity and integration)

Features:

The state power is closely related to the Central Plains, and there are few friendships and wars.

(2) The central government of the Tang Dynasty established the direct rule of Duhu DuDu in the minority areas, and strengthened the political and economic ties between the people of all ethnic groups in the border areas.

The climax of the second ethnic integration in the history of China was in the Five Dynasties, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. /& gt； Features: ① Multi-ethnic regimes set each other off and become interesting;

(2) The feudal mode of production extended to the frontier, and imperial academy created characters to imitate the establishment of bureaucratic and military systems and other laws and systems with the Han nationality;

(3) ethnic integration has been further strengthened. After the return of RMB, the northern "post-Han country" Khitan and Nuzhen tribes.

(4) the new nationality-Hui nationality.