(A) improve the social security system
Social security includes social insurance, social welfare, social assistance and social pension, among which social insurance includes social pension insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and medical insurance. To improve the social security system, it is undoubtedly necessary to gradually increase social security projects, improve social security functions, and correctly grasp the development order of social security projects.
1. Start with establishing and improving the social assistance system. At present, China has established the urban minimum living security system, but the social relief in rural areas is mainly limited to the relief and disaster relief of five-guarantee households and poor households. Moreover, the assistance to the five-guarantee households also takes many different forms, such as collective support, support from relatives and friends, voluntary support, etc., and there is no unified model. To improve the rural social relief system, we must first establish the rural minimum living security system. Therefore, we should determine a minimum income line for rural residents according to the local minimum living standard, and the government will subsidize rural residents whose income cannot reach this standard. If the local government's financial resources are insufficient to ensure the payment of the minimum living guarantee for rural residents, the central finance shall transfer the payment. The central government should increase capital investment in the rural social security system.
2 focus on improving the compulsory education system and the financial assistance system for poor students in colleges and universities, and increase financial input for vocational training for migrant workers and laid-off workers. Human resources are the first resource for long-term sustainable economic development. Increasing education expenditure and improving national quality are important experiences for many countries to achieve successful economic development. Education also directly affects the future career and income level of individual members of society. The difference in education level is an important reason for the difference in residents' income. Therefore, providing free basic education and subsidizing poor students to receive higher education have become important measures to eliminate poverty, promote social equity and develop economy in many countries. From the perspective of the international community, more than 70 countries that have declared compulsory education/kloc-0 are all free. China's Compulsory Education Law stipulates that tuition fees are free, but the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Compulsory Education stipulates that miscellaneous fees can be collected, which is not a complete compulsory education. Recently, China announced that starting from 2007, students from poor families in rural compulsory education will enjoy "two exemptions and one subsidy" (free of miscellaneous fees, free of book fees, and boarding students' living allowance). That's not enough. We should also make all compulsory education free as soon as possible. China implements the system of bank loans for poor college students, while the government only implements the scholarship system for outstanding poor students, which confuses the boundaries between welfare system, management system and reward system. The government should provide grants, interest-free loans and low-interest subsidies according to the poverty level of students. The government can encourage commercial banks to issue education consumer credit by means of interest discount, but it should respect the operational autonomy of commercial banks.
3 efforts to establish a major infectious disease prevention and control security system. The major public infectious diseases mentioned here include schistosomiasis, AIDS, SARS and infectious hepatitis. Among them, the government should give patients free treatment for some major infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis, AIDS and SARS; Some major public infectious diseases, such as infectious hepatitis, should be vaccinated by the government for residents free of charge.
4. Re-select the development model of endowment insurance and medical insurance. On the basis of "unified account separation" between urban residents' pension insurance and medical insurance, rural residents are gradually provided with social overall pension and medical insurance. Taking pension insurance as an example, the so-called "separation of unified accounts" refers to the separation of pension social insurance and individual pension funds, and different ways of financing, fund operation, payment and supervision are adopted respectively. Social pooling pension insurance is sufficient for income redistribution with the state as the main body, and its purpose is to meet the basic needs of the elderly members of society, so it should cover the elderly residents in rural areas. The purpose of personal pension fund accounts is to force individuals to save for the elderly and prevent individuals from being "short-sighted" in providing for the elderly, rather than redistributing income, so they can be implemented in areas where conditions permit. The funds needed for social pooling endowment insurance are raised by collecting endowment insurance tax. Both rural residents and urban residents should pay pension insurance tax when their income level reaches a certain standard; After reaching a certain age, you can receive pension insurance from the government as a whole. Considering the bearing capacity of society, the payment standard of rural elderly people can be lower, and the method of step-by-step implementation can be adopted: First, the overall scope of old-age insurance will be extended to rural one-child families. Rural residents with only one child can enjoy the overall old-age insurance provided by the government after they enter old age. This can not only relieve the worries of these rural residents, but also encourage more rural families to have only one child and optimize the new population structure. The second step is to expand the coverage of old-age insurance to all farmers engaged in grain production. The third step is to expand the overall scope of old-age insurance to all rural elderly residents.
(2) Promoting the reform and adjustment of relevant systems and policies.
The demand of social members for social security is closely related to the employment situation: if workers are fully employed, the income of employees can reach or exceed the level of meeting their basic living, and the pressure of social security is relatively light; On the contrary, if workers are not fully employed, or the employment income is too low, the pressure on social security will be great. Therefore, to correctly handle the relationship between social security and employment, it is necessary to give priority to expanding employment. To strengthen the protection of workers' rights and interests, we should not only effectively implement the minimum wage system, but also clarify the responsibilities of enterprises for workers' work-related injuries, medical care and old-age care through legislation. Enterprises should be constrained to hire or dismiss employees through legislation, and contracts should be signed between enterprises and employees according to law, and labor contracts should be strictly implemented, and employees should not be laid off at will in order to reduce costs.
We must focus on establishing a public finance system that is compatible with the market economy. The basic function of public finance is to maintain social equity. In addition to meeting the needs of administration, national defense and necessary expenditures, public financial expenditure should be mainly used for social security. Therefore, finance should withdraw from the general competitive investment field; Financial public investment should be mainly used for the construction of social welfare facilities such as welfare hospitals, primary and secondary schools and nursing homes. Non-welfare public infrastructure investment should attract social capital as much as possible; Financial expenditure on education should focus on compulsory education and subsidizing poor college students, rather than developing high-level universities; The financial welfare expenditure for social security should be mainly used to subsidize or subsidize low-income people, not high-income people.
We must reform the household registration management system that divides urban and rural areas, eliminate all kinds of obstacles for rural residents to work in cities, and bring migrant workers into the coverage of urban social security system. There are 900 million rural residents in China with a population of 654.38+04 billion. Without the transfer of rural residents to cities and agricultural labor to non-agricultural fields, it is impossible to coordinate the development of cities and villages. China's current dual household registration management system in urban and rural areas has seriously hindered the process of urbanization in China, resulting in the process of urbanization lagging behind the process of industrialization. At the same time, the urban-rural household registration management system is an important basis for a series of system differences between urban and rural social security, which leads to discrimination against the civil rights of rural residents. This unreasonable system unique to the world must be completely broken. Rural residents should be given the right to move freely between cities and rural areas.