On Perfecting the Employment Promotion Function of China's Unemployment Insurance System
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Abstract: By expounding the function of unemployment insurance to promote employment, this paper puts forward that China has the conditions to improve the function of unemployment insurance. Finally, it is pointed out that the function of unemployment insurance in promoting employment in China can be improved from the aspects of legislation, system standardization, fund allocation and timely establishment of unemployment relief. ?
Keywords: unemployment insurance; Re-employment function; Major reforms?
1 What is the employment promotion function of unemployment insurance?
The unemployment insurance system was born in France in the early 20th century. After a hundred years, the initial function of unemployment insurance is to resist the loss of living expenses during the period of unemployment. Then, with the arrival of the big industrial era, the number of unemployed people increased sharply, and the high replacement rate of unemployment living security expenses led to the crisis of unemployment insurance fund payment. At the same time, high unemployment benefits can not slow down or improve unemployment, leading to "poverty trap" and "unemployment trap". ?
(1) Avoid the phenomenon of "lazy people" caused by unemployed people's dependence on unemployment insurance money. The extended employment promotion function of unemployment insurance is a positive employment measure, and its purpose is to form a new round of employment, not just economic compensation. On the one hand, the realization of this function continues the original intention of unemployment insurance to ensure the basic living requirements of unemployed people, on the other hand, it requires unemployed people to obtain living security on the premise of employment. ?
(2) Accelerate the transmission of employment information and reduce the cost of job hunting. Providing effective employment information for the unemployed free of charge is an important role of unemployment insurance in promoting employment. The purpose is to reduce the time cost and economic cost of the unemployed to find jobs themselves, so that the unemployed can obtain effective re-employment in the shortest time, reduce the time to receive unemployment insurance benefits and reduce the expenditure of unemployment insurance benefits. ?
(3) Improve the employability of the unemployed, meet market demand and avoid labor stagnation. With the development of economy, the demand for personnel is on the rise, but the simple living allowance unemployment insurance does not provide conditions for the unemployed to improve their ability. If the quality of personnel cannot be improved, employment will be hindered. The employment promotion function of unemployment insurance provides the unemployed with opportunities for retraining, bears the cost of retraining, and avoids the problem of "unemployment trap" caused by the low ability level of unemployed people. ?
China's unemployment insurance system is on the verge of re-reform?
The development of unemployment insurance system in China has gone through three stages. In the first stage, the reform of the employment system promoted the emergence of the unemployment insurance system. The reform of the labor and employment system has broken the pattern of "iron salary, iron rice bowl and iron champion" since the liberation of China, and a relatively surplus labor force has emerged, which is marked by the Interim Provisions on Unemployment Insurance for Employees of State-owned Enterprises promulgated by 1986. In the second stage, with the gradual deepening and expansion of the market economy reform, the mobility of the labor force has increased and the unemployment problem has emerged. 194 Only 65,438+0,940,000 people received unemployment benefits, exceeding the sum of 65,438+0,986-65,438+0,993.
But at this stage, it is not called unemployment, it is called unemployment. In this case, in order to meet the needs of the new situation, the State Council issued the "Regulations on Unemployment Insurance for Employees of State-owned Enterprises" with 1993, which has also become an important supporting measure for the reform of state-owned enterprises. In the third stage, with the gradual deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises, especially facing the problem of a large number of redundant personnel in state-owned enterprises,
1999 * * * 4 1 100 million yuan was transferred to the re-employment service center, accounting for 45% of the total fund expenditure.
It can be seen that the development of unemployment insurance system is gradually improved with the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises. Now, the reform of state-owned enterprises has been basically completed, and the unemployment insurance system should develop in the direction of improving itself and promoting re-employment. ?
2. 1 The gradual improvement of China's economic development requires promoting the re-employment function?
The data shows that 172 countries and regions in the world have established social security systems, and on average, 40% have established unemployment insurance systems, but only 13% of low-income countries have per capita income below 700 dollars, and 92% of high-income countries have per capita income above 100 dollars. ?
2.2 the unemployment insurance system has been basically established, and promoting the re-employment function is the main aspect of improvement?
The unemployment insurance system in China has been basically established, with a high fund accumulation, reaching 38.6 billion yuan by the end of 2003.
If this balance is deposited in the bank, it will not play a guarantee role, nor will it achieve a good role in maintaining and increasing value. The balance of unemployment insurance should be used to promote re-employment, which is actually used for the unemployed in disguise, and also plays a role in improving the unemployment insurance system. ?
2.3 The adjustment of unemployment structure caused by economic reform needs the function of unemployment insurance to promote re-employment?
At the end of 2003, the mission of re-employment center as a supplementary unemployment insurance to resettle the surplus labor force in the country officially ended, and laid-off workers were transferred from the center to the unemployment insurance system. Therefore, the unique laid-off phenomenon in China will become history. At present, the unemployment in China is mainly due to large-scale structural unemployment caused by economic reform. With the deepening of reform, the unemployment structure will be adjusted accordingly. After the completion of the reform of state-owned enterprises, the unemployment structure will tend to be relatively stable, mostly manifested as friction unemployment. Therefore, the unemployment fund is fully capable of establishing re-employment services for small-scale unemployed people. ?
3. What are the main reforms to promote re-employment?
3. 1 How perfect and detailed is the unemployment insurance law?
Unemployment insurance legislation should first move from administrative regulations to national legislation. Although administrative regulations also have mandatory characteristics, from the perspective of future development, national legislation is more formal, more stable and more executive. Secondly, the design of the content should be more detailed, and the rate and treatment level, as well as the relevant labor market, should be clear, which is conducive to the standardization and efficiency of subordinates' implementation. In this regard, China can learn from German practices. Although Germany is a federal country, every state enjoys certain legislative power. In terms of unemployment insurance, the third volume of its Social Code has made detailed provisions on rates, payment conditions, fund management, payment, treatment level, labor market, etc., among which the provisions concerning active labor market exceed 100.
In this way, there is not much room for flexibility in each state, which is convenient for unified implementation from top to bottom, and there are laws to follow when implementing. Finally, it is necessary to strengthen the regulations on promoting employment and clarify the proportion of funds invested in re-employment training and introduction. According to the Unemployment Insurance Regulations, the unemployment insurance system aims to guarantee the basic living standard of unemployed people, promote their employment, and subsidize them to receive vocational training and job introduction. However, in practice, the investment of unemployment insurance in promoting employment is limited, and the proportion of funds invested by the state in promoting employment is not mandatory, which makes the employment training and introduction of unemployed people in many places a bubble. ?
3.2 Adjustment of system design and direction of fund use?
3.2. 1 About the adjustment of system design?
The development mode of the future unemployment insurance system will be to promote re-employment, so the system design should reflect the active employment unemployment insurance system. In the adjustment of the unemployment insurance system, the function of promoting employment is mainly enhanced from two aspects: payment and payment. ?
3.2.2 Adjustment of the direction of fund use?
At present, the cost of unemployment insurance in China is mainly used to ensure the basic livelihood of the unemployed, and the annual investment in employment only accounts for about 10% of the total expenditure.
At present, China's fund balance is increasing year by year, and the fund balance is quite sufficient. These funds can be used for employment guidance, helping the unemployed to re-enter the employment force as soon as possible, reducing the time for issuing unemployment benefits, and accumulating unemployment benefits for the re-entered unemployed. The use of unemployment funds should include the following aspects:
Use unemployment funds for job introduction and employment training. In France, 26% of the working expenses of the unemployed institutions come from the unemployment fund, and the transfer of the unemployment fund to the employment agency is equivalent to the state's financial subsidy for the unemployed, which is a more positive level of protection than simply paying insurance money. Employment training is the most effective way to promote employment. Through employment training, enhance the employability of unemployed people, change their vocational skills and adapt to the new employment structure. ?
Use unemployment funds to encourage enterprises to recruit unemployed people. Our country already has the experience of encouraging enterprises to hire laid-off workers, such as reducing taxes for those enterprises that hire laid-off workers, or directly subsidizing one laid-off worker. Combining the experience of China and other international experiences, on the one hand, we should provide wage subsidies to depressed small enterprises and take a stable employment route. On the other hand, part of the unemployment fund will be withdrawn to compensate enterprises that employ long-term unemployed people. ?
Use the unemployment fund for the unemployed who are willing to work flexibly. Help the unemployed to start small businesses and provide them with free services.
Entrepreneurship information, providing micro-bank loans guaranteed by unemployment funds, etc. ?
3.3 The timely establishment of unemployment benefits?
At present, China's three lines are merged into two lines, namely unemployment insurance and minimum living security. However, for some young people, especially college students, the minimum living guarantee can only solve their life problems negatively, but can't help them find jobs. Negative living allowance will eventually lead to brain drain and unstable social structure. Facing the change of unemployment structure, China should also establish an unemployment security system with unemployment insurance and unemployment relief as the main line. In addition to providing employment security for the unemployed in the insurance system, it also provides corresponding employment guidance for the increasingly severe young people and flexible employees.