Expanding the coverage of endowment insurance is a system that China has been actively promoting. At present, the new rural old-age insurance and urban residents' old-age insurance, which have been implemented on a pilot basis, will theoretically more than double the coverage of China's old-age insurance in a few years, but nothing can be done overnight. More importantly, we should not only pay attention to coverage, but also pay attention to the quality of welfare. To this end, the author puts forward the following suggestions for expanding the coverage of old-age insurance: First, focus on solving the participation problems of flexible employees, laid-off workers and migrant workers, which are difficult to be covered by the new rural insurance and urban housing insurance, and consider their tolerance for this group of people.
Although the state has given them some preferential treatment, only individuals with old-age insurance have to bear 20% of their wages, which is undoubtedly a great burden for anyone. After these people join the insurance, due to the heavy burden of payment, there will be the problem of arrears of old-age insurance premiums, and some people with financial difficulties will also surrender their insurance. It is necessary to reduce the payment burden of these people, encourage them to participate in insurance and less surrender. At present, the payment base of provinces and cities is generally divided into two grades. It is suggested to change the low-grade payment base every two years to directly or indirectly increase the participation rate and expand the coverage. The second is to strengthen the publicity of new rural social endowment insurance and urban residents' social endowment insurance, and cultivate urban and rural residents' social insurance awareness. It is necessary to use TV topics, radio stations, posters, consulting services, etc. Vigorously publicize the policies and regulations of endowment insurance and create an atmosphere in which everyone participates in endowment insurance in the whole society. The third is to strengthen joint law enforcement and improve the level of law enforcement. Supervise and inspect the insured enterprises, strengthen the rigid restraint on non-public economic organizations, make full use of and give full play to the binding force and effectiveness of existing laws and regulations, implement comprehensive management, and restrain enterprises and industrial and commercial households that fail to fulfill their social security obligations.
Improve the level of overall planning and enhance the social mutual aid function of the fund
First of all, in view of the large number of migrant workers, strong mobility, limited national financial resources and land security for migrant workers, the pension insurance fund management should adopt a complete accumulation system. As soon as possible, the endowment insurance fund for migrant workers collected by social security agencies will be included in the unified national endowment insurance account for migrant workers, and centralized management will be implemented. In order to prevent the social security funds of migrant workers collected by the Social Security Bureau from being misappropriated or crowding out the social security benefits of urban workers, the state will form new debts for the social insurance of migrant workers. Therefore, any social insurance fund for migrant workers misappropriated or squeezed by local governments must be supplemented by local finance.
Secondly, the endowment insurance for urban workers, flexible employees and urban residents can be divided into two steps. The first step is to upgrade the endowment insurance to provincial overall planning, which is an important step to further improve the social security system and move towards national unity. Specific measures can be taken to implement a unified system, unified standards, unified management and unified adjustment management, which is not only conducive to promoting the scientific and rational flow of human resources, but also conducive to strengthening fund management, realizing the preservation and appreciation of funds, enhancing the adjustment function, realizing the law of large numbers and enhancing the * * * economy of social insurance. The second step is to upgrade it to national overall planning, which is a positive and feasible way in line with China's national conditions.
Finally, for rural residents' old-age insurance, we can first take the city and county as a whole, gradually upgrade to the provincial level as a whole, and finally realize the national overall planning.
Solve hidden debts and make personal accounts.
The state has done a good job in solving the hidden debt, that is, set up the National Social Security Fund Council, which is in charge of the funds allocated by the state finance to rescue the endowment insurance fund and the shares of state-owned joint-stock companies that have been listed and reduced. However, we must not increase the payment burden of enterprises and employees, because the income of citizens in China is still at a low level, and the proportion and amount of payment are already very high. In addition to the above-mentioned national financial compensation and the allocation of state-owned shares to reduce hidden debts, special government bonds can be issued, and the pension fund will hold the money to offset the hidden debts, so as to make the pension insurance system transition smoothly, and then pay off the special government bonds from the fund balance and value-added income in the future. After the peak period of employment in China gradually fades, the retirement age can also be appropriately extended, so that the fund can pay less and accumulate more, and also solve some hidden debts [8].
As mentioned above, the main reason for empty accounts is implicit debt. Therefore, the degree, speed and efficiency of implicit debt settlement will directly affect the problem of filling empty accounts in personal accounts in China. Therefore, firstly, it is necessary to strictly divide the management of social pooling and individual accounts, completely separate the two accounts, and block any channel through which they pass. If you don't be ruthless, you can't solve the problem of misappropriation of personal account funds, and you can't solve the problem of adding empty accounts. Second, it is necessary to improve the investment and operation efficiency of the current national social security fund and the pension balance of provinces and cities that will be invested and operated in the future, increase the provident fund to offset hidden debts to indirectly alleviate the problem of misappropriation of empty accounts, and make real empty accounts [9].
Promote the investment and operation of the fund and realize the preservation and appreciation.
With the increasing scale of the endowment insurance fund, we should adopt a flexible and prudent investment strategy and put this dead part of the fund into operation to cope with the risk of inflation and realize the preservation and appreciation of the fund.
First, focus the investment direction of the endowment insurance fund on the long-term investment field with long construction period and stable return, so as to give full play to the advantages of long-term funds and create the greatest economic benefits [10]; Second, with the further standardization of the domestic capital market, we should actively explore the investment market of basic endowment insurance funds, allowing them to buy corporate bonds of high-quality listed companies, subscribe for publicly issued funds, and directly invest in the stock market. In view of the fact that pension is the life-saving money and life-saving money of ordinary people, we can establish corresponding investment and operation institutions for endowment insurance funds, specializing in the operation of endowment insurance funds. We can refer to the investment channels of the national social security fund and consider the advantages of various insurance companies, investment fund companies, trust and investment companies and other professional companies to operate the endowment insurance fund specifically; When conditions are ripe, a special pension fund operation company will be set up to directly invest in the securities market. The management and supervision of these institutions may be jointly supervised by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and CSRC.
Carry out reform
The current retirement system of government agencies and institutions in China was established by 1955. Over the past 60 years, this system has played an important role in ensuring the lives of retirees and stabilizing the ranks of cadres. However, with the establishment and development of the socialist market economic system, some contradictions have gradually emerged. From the inside of the system, there are two main reasons: first, retirees are managed by the unit, and the retirement expenses are all borne by the finance or the unit. The burden between units is extremely light and heavy, and some regions and units, especially some grass-roots institutions, even have the phenomenon that retirement fees are unbearable and cannot be paid in full and on time; Second, the current calculation and distribution method of retirement expenses is based on the "final salary" of staff before retirement, and is calculated in different grades according to the length of service. It is difficult to reflect the detailed differences in the length of service of cadres at the same level, nor can it fully reflect the labor contribution of staff throughout their careers. From a social perspective, in the 1990s, enterprises reformed the original retirement system and implemented the basic old-age insurance system combining social pooling with individual accounts, and other urban employment groups also entered this system. At present, only government agencies and institutions still implement the original retirement system, and different retirement pension security system models have produced the contradiction between "dual track system" and "poor treatment". Outstanding performance is as follows: both enterprises and employees pay endowment insurance premiums, and the level of treatment is closely related to the amount of payment; However, government agencies, institutions and their staff do not pay fees, and the treatment has nothing to do with payment, which has triggered social doubts about the fairness of the old-age security system. At the same time, due to the different system models, it is difficult to transfer the pension insurance relationship between institutions and employees, which restricts the rational flow and optimal allocation of human resources to a certain extent. Therefore, this reform is of great significance.
It is conducive to promoting the construction of urban and rural old-age security system. The Party Central Committee regards building a social security system covering urban and rural residents in an all-round way as one of the important goals of building a well-off society in an all-round way. In recent years, with the comprehensive establishment of the old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents, the majority of urban and rural residents are generally insured. Together with the employees of urban enterprises and other employment groups, the socialized old-age insurance system has covered more than 840 million people in the country, while more than 50 million employees and retirees of government agencies and institutions are separated from the old-age insurance system, becoming a "short board" and an "island" with full coverage of the system. Reforming the endowment insurance system of government agencies and institutions is an inevitable choice to accelerate the goal of building a social security system covering urban and rural residents.
It is conducive to gradually solving the contradiction of "poor treatment". The staff of government agencies and institutions enjoy a higher level of retirement fees without paying them, and their rights and obligations do not correspond, which has become the focus of contradictions. After the reform of the endowment insurance system in government agencies and institutions, the basic system model and policies of basic endowment insurance are the same as those of enterprises, which reflects the fairness of systems and rules and can gradually resolve the contradiction of large treatment gap.
It is conducive to promoting the deepening reform of government agencies and institutions. In recent years, in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Service Law, the system of resignation and dismissal of civil servants has been implemented. In some areas, the civil service appointment system has been piloted, and institutions are also accelerating the classification reform and implementing the full-time appointment system. In order to form a reasonable employment mechanism, disperse the burden of retirement expenses and ensure the issuance of pensions in government agencies and institutions, it is necessary to establish a pension insurance system with overall planning, mutual assistance and socialized management.
It is beneficial to fully reflect the labor contribution of employees. Changing the current method of calculating and distributing retirement fees to determine the basic pension benefits according to the payment level and payment period, and paying more and paying more for a long time can more comprehensively reflect the labor contribution of the staff of government agencies and institutions throughout their career and further enhance the incentive effect.
In a word, the task of reforming and perfecting the endowment insurance is complex and arduous, but it is an unavoidable threshold for us to cope with the aging, improve the social security system and even modernize China. With the promulgation of the social insurance law, the continuous enhancement of China's economic strength and the increasing humanization of the concept of governing the country, we have reason to believe that China's old-age insurance will become more and more mature and perfect under the constraints of the law and the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development through continuous social practice and reform.