The evaluation of vegetable germplasm resources mainly includes the identification of botanical and agronomic traits, including the shape, size, color, thorns or fuzz of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, as well as other agronomic traits such as maturity, yield, disease resistance and product quality. Organized by Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, experts from 28 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) (excluding Xizang Autonomous Region and Taiwan Province) have formulated the description and description standards of vegetable variety investigation and observation items, as well as the catalogue of 8 1 local varieties of main vegetables. Therefore, the systematic evaluation of vegetable germplasm resources began. During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, 1 1 diseases (such as anthrax, epidemic disease, virus, downy mildew, white powder, etc. ) and 7 nutrients (such as crude fiber, crude protein, sugar, capsaicin, vitamin C, etc. More than 5,000 germplasm resources were processed. On the basis of identification, a systematic evaluation was made. At the same time, the first vegetable variety resource catalogue in China was edited and published. The identification of eggplant, cowpea and radish was added during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period (Li Peihua et al., 1998).
During the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000), research projects such as "Evaluation and Utilization of Excellent Vegetable Germplasm", "Evaluation and Utilization Database of Excellent Vegetable Germplasm" and "Selection and Preservation of Vegetable Germplasm Resources" were continued, and 1000 copies of common Chinese cabbage germplasm were completed. Completed the field and indoor temperature control and heat resistance identification of 5 14 Chinese cabbage germplasm; The bolting tolerance of 556 Chinese cabbage germplasm resources was identified. The storability identification of 230 carrots was completed. A total of 6,535 assessments were completed. The dry matter, total sugar, carotene and vitamin C of 305 carrot germplasm were determined. The contents of dry matter, crude protein, soluble sugar and crude fiber in 542 asparagus bean germplasm resources were analyzed. In order to ensure the reliability, comparability and validity of the appraisal data, the corresponding unified and standardized appraisal methods, indicators and standards were established before the appraisal. At the same time, 35 parts of kidney bean, 70 parts of Chinese cabbage, 70 parts of pepper, 0/20 parts of radish/kloc, 70 parts of cowpea and 35 parts of aquatic vegetables were comprehensively evaluated for many years, and 300 excellent germplasm resources with characteristics were put forward. Obtained 16 excellent germplasm resources with stable utilization value and effect, including 3 parts of disease-resistant Chinese cabbage, 2 parts of disease-resistant kidney bean, 3 parts of virus-resistant pepper, 3 parts of virus-resistant radish, 3 parts of disease-resistant cowpea and 2 parts of high-quality aquatic vegetable germplasm.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period (200 1-2005), with the strong support of the national basic work project, the national natural science and technology resources sharing platform project, the national key scientific and technological project, the resource protection project of the Ministry of Agriculture and the provincial and municipal natural science foundation project, the research on the formulation and standardization of vegetable crop germplasm resources description standards and norms, the pilot construction of standardization, integration and sharing, asexual reproduction and perennial development was carried out. It has effectively promoted the sustainable development of vegetable germplasm resources evaluation to a deeper and more standardized direction. Descriptive norms and data standards of more than 30 kinds of vegetable germplasm resources were formulated. The salt tolerance of 225 Chinese cabbage germplasm resources in germination stage and 122 Chinese cabbage germplasm resources in seedling stage were identified. The bolting tolerance of 189 radish germplasm and 300 Chinese cabbage germplasm was identified. 106 tomato germplasm is resistant to bacterial spot disease at seedling stage, 124 cucumber germplasm is resistant to root-knot nematodes,165,438+02 cucumber germplasm is resistant to gray mold and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 120 cucumber germplasm is resistant to root-knot nematodes in the south. At the same time, the resistance of 268 Chinese cabbage germplasm resources was identified.
In the past 20 years, 45,204 subspecies of 18 vegetables were analyzed for disease resistance (insect resistance), stress resistance and quality, and more than 2,500 excellent and excellent germplasm were screened out.
On the basis of the national identification of vegetable germplasm resources, only the National Medium-term Vegetable Germplasm Bank and Clonal Vegetable Germplasm Garden, as the "National Vegetable Diversity Protection, Research and Demonstration Promotion Center" integrating resource protection, scientific research, social education and social services, receive hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists every year. In addition to meeting the needs of germplasm resources renewal and research, 377 batches of vegetable germplasm resources have been distributed to scientific research and production units at home and abroad, involving 75 vegetable varieties, 1659 1 time. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period alone, we provided updated seeds 1 1608 to the cooperative units of germplasm resources, and distributed 46 vegetable germplasm resources 154 batches to domestic and foreign scientific research and production units, with a total of 5806 copies. Promote the infiltration of excellent genes into major new vegetable varieties bred all over the country, and promote the development of national vegetable industry. At present, many excellent germplasm materials have been directly applied to production. Among eggplant vegetables, local varieties of pepper are used the most. For example, Henan Yongcheng Pepper, Yunnan Qiubei Pepper, Hebei Wang Du Bighorn Pepper, Fujian Ninghua Horn Pepper and other dried fine varieties. It is characterized by bright color, less water, high oiliness and fragrant taste. Its processed products are not only sold in China, but also exported to all parts of Southeast Asia. Cucumber is the most widely used among melons, such as Changchun honey thorn, which is widely used in protected cultivation because of its early maturity and high yield. Processing cucumber varieties, such as Yangzhou milk cucumber and Jinzhou cucumber, have become excellent varieties for processing. The number of leguminous vegetable varieties in China ranks first in vegetable germplasm resources, among which the bean germplasm resources in Northeast China are the most abundant, and many varieties have been popularized and utilized, such as Rujiaque egg, Dahuadou and Baiyao. Excellent quality, suitable for fried food or quick-frozen processing. In addition, there are famous varieties such as kidney beans in Shangrao, Jiangxi, Dali, Yunnan and Baoshan. Radish, a root vegetable, is famous at home and abroad for its sweet taste, crisp quality and beautiful color. It has been cultivated in North China and Northeast China, and has been introduced to European and American countries. Processing varieties include Xiaoshan radish in Zhejiang, Rugao radish in Jiangsu for 60 days, and Rugao radish in small round. Xiaoshan dried radish and Rugao dried radish processed with it enjoy a high reputation in China and are exported overseas. China is the only country in the world that uses stem mustard to produce mustard tuber, among which Sichuan Province has the longest cultivation history and Zhejiang Province has the largest output. The varieties of stem mustard such as loquat, egongbao, Santrochanter in Fuling, Sichuan, semi-broken leaves and full-broken leaves in Haining, Zhejiang are all excellent varieties for processing mustard tuber, which have been widely used in production. Ginger and onion are unique condiments in China, and ginger and ginger in Laiwu, Shandong Province are the main characteristic vegetables in Shandong Province. The green onions in Zhangqiu, Shandong Province are the most famous, and the main varieties are Chinese parasol onions and Qishafeng. These varieties have been introduced in large quantities in relevant producing areas. The excellent varieties introduced from all over the country are Cangshan garlic, Puke garlic, coarse garlic and Gaojiaozi in Shandong, white garlic in Taicang, Jiangsu and white garlic in Fengxian, Xuzhou. Among leeks, Hanzhong winter leek, Shouguang iris leek, etc. Lotus, water chestnut, Zizania latifolia, Oenanthe javanica, Typha latifolia and Ipomoea aquatica among aquatic vegetables are all specialties of China. Among the varieties of lotus root, the most famous one is Jiangsu Baoying tribute lotus root, which is named after the tribute lotus root powder in Ming Dynasty and is still widely cultivated. In addition, there is Tang Shuang Lei Ou of Jianghu Prefecture in Zhejiang Province, which has small holes and tender meat. Cunsanlian in Xiangtan, Hunan Province is an excellent variety of white lotus. The fresh water bamboo in Taihu Lake, Jiangsu Province is the most famous, and its processed products are exported to Japan and other places, becoming the main local varieties. Among perennial vegetables, day lily is widely used, including Datong Day lily in Shanxi, Changzuizi in Qidong, Hunan, Huaiyang Day lily in Henan, Daniuzui in Suqian, Jiangsu and other high-quality and famous varieties. Lily has excellent and famous varieties such as Gansu Lanzhou Lily, Jiangsu Yixing Lily, Zhejiang Huzhou Lily and Jiangxi Wanzai Lily, which are not only sold domestically, but also exported to Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong and Macao (Wang Su, Hu Shilin, 1995).
In addition, in the process of collecting improved varieties of vegetables throughout the country, some lost local improved varieties have been restored, creating conditions for further utilization. For example, in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, the early-maturing and high-yield local varieties cucumber lost in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and the extremely early-maturing three pumpkins in Ye Er, Xuzhou were found; Another example is the rediscovery of Shanghai foreign cucumber, Pan Xiang cowpea and four-leaf pepper buried in Anhui mud pit. At the same time, a number of local excellent varieties and characteristic varieties have been further discovered, which can be directly expanded or introduced and utilized among relevant provinces (regions). For example, Chongqing black beans with high fruit setting rate, tender pods and weighing 20g were found in Sichuan Province. Daxian double-pointed lettuce, weighing 2.5 kg per plant; 165438+1October harvestable Nanjiang winter cowpea; Gongxian 90-day, 1 10-day white radish with high virus resistance and high yield; The swollen lateral buds clustered on the short stems are used for fresh food, a new mustard variety which is deeply loved by local people, Fuling mustard tuber, which is eaten with stalks. There is also a long bitter gourd produced in Ji 'an, Jiangxi. The length of a single melon can reach 1m and its weight is 750 ~1.250g. Its thick meat, good quality and high yield are rare varieties in other regions. In addition, some wild vegetables and rare vegetables have been found for further development, such as the wild vegetable Zhu, which is unique in the mountainous areas of southern Anhui, and tastes delicious when it sprouts into soup; Small finch melons cultivated in the mountainous areas of northern Yunnan take their tender melons as vegetables; Wild red eggplant in Tengchong, Yunnan Province is resistant to Fusarium wilt and is a good material for eggplant rootstock. The black-seeded pumpkin cultivated in the mountainous area of northern Yunnan is the best material for cucumber rootstock, which completely changed the situation of importing black-seeded pumpkin from Japan (Qi, 1985).