Von Neumann laid the foundation of modern computer and was honored as "the father of computer" by the world. But when talking about his own theories and thoughts, he modestly said that these theories and thoughts are based on the thoughts of British mathematicians Turing and Boolean. 1847, Bourgeois published "Research on the Law of Thinking", founded logic algebra, and successfully simplified formal logic into an algebra. Boolean believes that all kinds of propositions in logic can be expressed by mathematical symbols, and appropriate conclusions corresponding to logical problems can be deduced according to rules. Boolean logic algebra theory is based on two logical values "true" and "false" and three logical relationships "AND", "OR" and "NOT". This theory paves the way for the design of binary, logic components and logic circuits of digital electronic computers. 1854, Boolean published his masterpiece Boolean Algebra, and on this basis, after years of development, Li Lou Logic, the theoretical basis of modern computers, was formed. C.E.Sharnorn, one of the founders of information theory, pointed out in a master's thesis of 1938 that the logical relations in Boolean algebra can be expressed in binary, with "1" indicating "true" and "0" indicating "false", so that the logical operation system can be constructed in binary. It is pointed out that based on Boolean algebra, any mechanical reasoning process can be as easy as ordinary calculation for electronic computers. Shannon associated Boolean algebra with computer binaries. Alan turing, regarded by von Neumann as "the father of artificial intelligence" and "the father of computer", is a genius. At the age of 22, he was elected as a researcher in imperial academy. In 1936' s paper "On Countability and Its Application in Cryptography", he strictly described the logical structure of the computer and put forward the general model of the computer-"Turing" for the first time. During World War II, Turing worked in the British Foreign Office and designed a code breaker (BOMBE), which is actually a special digital electronic computer with relays as devices. This machine cracked the enemy's password again and again, and contributed to the victory of the anti-fascist war. From 65438 to 0945, Turing began to design automatic computers at the British National Institute of Physics, and expounded the idea of using subroutines to realize some operations without programmers knowing the details of machine operation, which laid the foundation for the birth of advanced computer languages. 1950, Turing made a computer model machine "PIOLOT ACE" which embodies his design idea. In June+10 of the same year, Turing published the paper "Computing Machine and Intelligence", and designed the famous Turing test to test whether the computer has the same intelligence as human beings by asking and answering questions. This kind of thinking is still one of the core issues discussed in computer academic circles. This paper caused a great shock in the computer academic circle and laid the foundation of artificial intelligence theory. In order to commemorate Turing's great contribution to computer science, the American Computer Association has established the Turing Award, which is awarded to scientists who have made great contributions to computer science every year, and can be called the Nobel Prize in computer science. After the first generation of electron tubes, the second generation of transistors, the third generation of small and medium-sized integrated circuits, and the fourth generation of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, various new technologies and new processes have made the development of computers develop in the direction of miniaturization and giant. The leader in creating and manufacturing supercomputers is Dr. Clay, a famous American scientist who is known as the "father of supercomputers". Cary Kildal (1929) was born in Wisconsin, USA, and graduated from university with two degrees in mathematics and electrical engineering. 1957, co-founded CDC with Olin and Anderson. They rent a warehouse for office. Because the computer designed by Cray has reasonable structure and fast running speed, it has won the trust of users, and the orders are constantly flowing, and the company has developed rapidly. 196 1 market share 1.6% CDC, a small company, and IBM, a giant company with a market share of 82%, are the only two winners in the computer industry. Under the leadership of Cray, CDC began to challenge the powerful "super-big man" IBM with only 14 engineers, including 4 software engineers and 34 in the company class. 1964, CDC successfully developed a giant transistor computer CDC6600 with 3 million operations per second and a main memory capacity of 13 million bytes. This machine is the earliest super-large computer used in scientific research in the world. It adopts the structure of "distributed computing", that is, the processing function is distributed to the master and multiple slaves. This method is a great innovation of computer architecture. CDC6600 is recognized as designed and manufactured by computer genius Clay, and it is also recognized as a major breakthrough and innovation in technology. After that, Clay designed all kinds of supercomputers. Together with all the staff of the company, he researched, designed and manufactured the backplane, and made breakthroughs in many aspects, including the breakthrough of "serial working mode" by von Einaumann into "parallel working mode", which broke through tens of millions, billions and billions of operations per second for the first time. From the highly successful "CARY- 1" computer to the development of "CARY-4" computer, especially since the 1990s, Cray supercomputer has been firmly on the throne of supercomputers, accounting for 60% of the world market share. The famous Dr. Cray keeps making progress and innovation, and is known as "the star of national wisdom" and "the father of supercomputers". 1996 Crein died in a car accident. Compared with the development of supercomputers, the development of microcomputers has almost been in a state of "warlord's melee" 1967. Hewlett-Packard Company successfully developed "HP35" pocket calculator under the condition that large-scale integrated circuits and light-emitting diodes just appeared, which brought1.200 million sales revenue to Hewlett-Packard Company. From 65438 to February 0977, Steve Jobs, a young man who showed special talents in electronics but dropped out of school as a freshman, and his two companions produced an Apple microcomputer in a garage and put it on the market. 1981August, "blue giant" IBM announced the birth of its first "personal computer" PC to the world and sold it all over the world, becoming a household name brand. In the past twenty years, the development of microcomputers has become more and more advanced and miniaturized. Notebook computers, palmtop computers and wrist computers have been successfully developed, and they are practical and commercialized. Small "chips" show infinite charm and unlimited functions. This can not help but remind people of the scene of the birth of the world's first chip. At a computer fair in 197 1, a huge advertisement read: "Computer on a chip, INTEL4004!" Attracted all visitors, the world's first microprocessor chip was born, and people were shocked by Intel's new creation. The main developer of INTEL4004 chip is Tod Hoff, 1937 was born in Manchester, USA. Although he grew up in the countryside, he has a strong interest in science, likes popular science magazines, often engages in some small chemical experiments and electrical devices, and majored in electrical engineering in college. When he graduated from middle school, he invented the "train electronic detector" according to the principle of railway sound transmission. He is in the third year of college. After graduating from college, he applied for a research scholarship from the National Science Foundation of the United States to study semiconductor technology in depth, and later obtained a master's degree and a doctor's degree from Stanford University. Intel was founded in 1968, and Hoff was selected by Intel and appointed as the manager of applied research department. At that time, the company's office conditions were very simple, and the equipment and houses were rented. "Necessity is the mother of success." Hoff got an order from a Japanese businessman to produce a new extremely complicated desktop calculator chip. In the face of thorny problems, Hoff repeatedly considered the realization of "operation, control and storage" on the least number of chips, and the inspiration finally came. Hoff immediately recorded: first, the logic circuit required by Japanese businessmen was compressed into three blocks, namely CPU, ROM and RAM; second, read-only memory was used to provide drivers for the central processor, and random access memory was used to store data. Later, Hoff designed the logic to help Fagin draw the blueprint of chip wiring, and Messer participated in the research. Hoff finally got his wish and integrated more than 2000 transistors on the world's first microprocessor, and the first microprocessor chip INTEL4004 was born. This is of epoch-making significance, and Hoff is therefore known as "one of the seven most influential scientists since World War II". Microsoft has always been closely associated with the name of Bill Gates. Bill Gates (1955 10) was born in Seattle. His father is a lawyer and his mother is a teacher. His favorite book is the World Book Encyclopedia, and he said that even if there is a CD instead, he will not give up. When he was in middle school, he and his long-term partner Paul began to use the POP- 10 computer made by DEC, a famous minicomputer manufacturer. 1968, Gates and Paul used a computer in a computer center, and found out the mistakes in the computer, showing their talent in the computer field. Before 1974 Gates entered Harvard University to study law, Gates and Paul had done a lot of work on computers, especially in programming, and they were famous. Their most successful start was to implant the BASIC language interpreter they developed into MITS' "Altair" computer. 1In the summer of 975, they founded Microsoft in Albuquerque. They only have the first standard software product in the world microcomputer field, that is, 4KB interpreter capital for Altair microcomputer. Today, more than 20 years later, the value of the trademark "Microsoft" alone exceeds 1000 billion US dollars, and the market value of the company has exceeded 750 billion US dollars. From 198 1, Microsoft acquired the ownership of the PC operating system MS-DOS produced by IBM, to the Windows software in the 1990s, and from 1994, it turned to the network field in an all-round way, until the computer software with TV-computer-network interaction was developed. Gates has always been the focus of attention of the world. Netscape is a company that can challenge Microsoft in the field of web browsers. Before Netscape developed navigator, Internet users used the first graphical browser mosaic designed by Mark Andriessen, a 23-year-old student from the University of Illinois, in 1993. This software is the first software to make the World Wide Web of the Internet accepted, and it increases the number of Internet users to100000. In fact, since Mosaic, thousands of people have changed their way of life and learned to roam the world in front of computers. 1994, Andriessen cooperated with jim clark, the founder of the once famous silicon image company of Jurassic Park, and founded Netscape Company. By 1996, most WWW browsers on the Internet were navigators of Netscape, and Netscape prevailed. However, in 1997, Microsoft closely integrated network software, browsers and other operating system products and seized a large number of sites. Faced with strong competitors, andresen constantly upgraded its navigator and developed an integrated WYSIWYG creative environment. On the one hand, it shouted "Run faster, so that new products can stay ahead for more than six months and have strong competitiveness", on the other hand, it felt "exhausted at the limit". However, people should know that Microsoft, a software giant, can catch up quickly, which has a lot to do with its successful purchase of mosaic software developed by Anderson and the development and upgrading of its browser on this basis.