(1) What is risk management 1. The "Enterprise Risk Management - Overall Framework" released by the 2004 edition of COSO in the United States believes that: "Risk management is a process in which an entity makes strategic decisions and implements decisions.

and other personnel to identify potential events that may affect the entity, manage risks so that they are within the entity's risk capacity, and provide reasonable assurance that the entity's objectives will be achieved." Understanding this definition requires attention to the following aspects.

: First of all, risk management is a process, a series of procedures for reducing and controlling risks, involving the determination of enterprise risk management objectives, identification and evaluation of risks, selection of risk management methods, implementation of risk management plans and the implementation of risk management plans.

A process of continuous review and correction.

Secondly, risk management requires the participation of all employees.

Finally, this definition shows that the purpose of risk management is not to reduce risk at all costs, but to try to reduce risk to an acceptable range.

Moreover, corporate risks cannot be completely eliminated, and only reasonable but not absolute guarantees can be made for the realization of corporate business objectives.

2. In April 2006, the Asian Risk and Crisis Management Association expert group defined risk management through five rounds of voting as “Enterprise risk management is an attempt by an enterprise to control the results of various uncertain factors within the process of achieving future strategic goals.

Methods and processes within the expected acceptable range to safeguard and promote the overall interests of the organization."

3. The ISO31000:2009 standard defines "risk management" as "the coordinated activities of command and control taken by an organization to address risks." Risk management is the use of management tools to implement command and control coordination activities for risks.

Its purpose is to seize opportunities, avoid threats, and reduce damage, thereby providing guarantee for the achievement of goals.

With the emergence and development of risks, risk management awareness and capabilities are also constantly developing and changing.

(2) The emergence and development of risk management awareness Human beings are created and nurtured by nature, and they grow by understanding and transforming nature.

As soon as humans appeared, risks arose and went hand in hand.

In primitive society, in order to survive and develop, human beings cleared wasteland, cultivated land, and produced food to cope with the risk of future famine. People tried to make various tools to deal with the invasion of poisonous snakes and beasts, which were risk prevention measures. They arranged their residences in caves.

Or other suitable locations to avoid being flooded or attacked by wild animals are risk avoidance measures.

The formation of early human risk management awareness is divided into three stages, namely the stage of struggle between man and beast, the stage of struggle between man and god, and the stage of mutual aid and economy.

1. The stage of struggle between man and beast. At that time, society was in a primitive and uncivilized period, and productivity was extremely backward. The main risk that people faced was the threat from venomous snakes and beasts. In order to survive, people had to unite to fight against the attacks of beasts.

On the other hand, in order to combat predators more effectively, people began to develop some primitive tools. This is the earliest germination of human risk response awareness.

2. The stage of the struggle between man and God. With the improvement of social productivity, the struggle between man and beast has taken a back seat, while natural disasters and diseases have become the main risks threatening human security. At this time, the stage of the struggle between man and God has entered.

stage.

At this time, when people could not explain certain phenomena in nature and were plagued by diseases, they believed that this was God's will.

When disaster strikes, they can only pray for God's blessing, thus creating one god after another and one myth after another.

These all reflect people's strong security needs and promote people's awareness of risk response to gradually increase.

3. Mutual aid and economic stage. In this stage, people have developed the primitive insurance consciousness, that is, the idea of ??mutual aid and economy.

In the practice of fighting various risks, people understand the principles of "being prepared for danger in times of peace" and "preventing danger before it happens", and gradually form a sense of risk management.

(3) The evolution of ancient risk management ideas in the East and West 1. The ancient Chinese risk management ideas can be traced back to the late Xia Dynasty. "Xia Zhi" says: "There are four disasters in the sky: floods, droughts, and famines. When they last, they are not the accumulation of things.

How to prepare for it." This tells people that it is difficult to predict when a natural disaster will occur, and it is necessary to have reserves at all times.

"The Rites of Zhou·Cang Ren" said: "If there is surplus grain, hide it and wait for the bad years to reward it." Mozi advocated that "the hungry must be fed, the cold must be clothed, and the laboring must be rested" and "Strong

Take the old man.”

Xunzi proposed to "use money sparingly to enrich the people, and store the rest well", "Although there are severe floods and droughts in the year, the people will not be in danger of being cold and exhausted."

These discussions are to accumulate surplus products (mainly grain) so that people will not be hungry or cold during times of famine; in normal times, widows, widowers, lonely people, and disabled people can receive state protection and social support.

Under the guidance of this idea, our country has had relief systems throughout the ages.

The Zhou Dynasty had "Weiji"; the Wei Dynasty during the Warring States Period had "Yulin"; the Han Dynasty had "Aocang"; the Han Dynasty had "Changpingcang"; the Sui Dynasty had "Yicang"; the Song Dynasty had "Shecang", etc. These relief systems

In essence, it is a risk countermeasure to establish reserves and cope with famine.