Zhu Shijie: A Mirror of Four Yuan Jade

Zhu Shijie (circa 13), whose name was Han Qing, was named Songting, lived in Yanshan (now near Beijing), "traveled around the lake and sea with famous mathematicians for more than 2 years" and "followed the door and gathered scholars". Zhu Shijie's representative works of mathematics are Enlightenment of Arithmetic (1299) and Siyuan Yujian (133). Enlightenment of Arithmetic is a popular mathematical masterpiece, which has spread overseas and influenced the development of mathematics in Korea and Japan. "Siyuan Yujian" is another symbol of the peak of China's mathematics in Song and Yuan Dynasties, among which the most outstanding mathematical creations are "Siyuan" (the formulation and elimination of multivariate higher-order equations), "stacking method" (the summation of higher-order arithmetic progression) and "calling for differences" (high-order interpolation method)

Hua Luogeng

"Mathematics, like music, is full of wizards. Although Hua Luogeng modestly avoided using the word wizard, it properly described this outstanding China mathematician. " -g.b. kolata

Hua Luogeng is a legendary figure and a self-taught mathematician.

He was born in an urban poor family in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province on November 12th, 191. On June 12th, 1985, Hua Luogeng, a superstar of China Mathematics, died of myocardial infarction while giving lectures in Japan.

Hua Luogeng is a famous mathematician at home and abroad. He is the founder and pioneer of China's research on analytic number theory, canonical groups, matrix geometry, automorphism and multiple complex functions. His famous academic paper, Theory of Functions of Multiple Complex Variables in Typical Fields, won the first prize of China's science in 1957 because of its pioneering work in the field of mathematics by applying methods that have never been used before. The results of his research were named "Fahrenheit Theorem" and "Brouwer-Gadang-Hua Theorem" by the international mathematical community. Hua Luogeng worked tirelessly all his life, struggled endlessly, wrote many books and studied a wide range of fields. He has published about 2 academic papers, and his monographs include Heap Prime Theory, Introduction to Advanced Mathematics, Estimation of Exponential Sum and Its Application in Number Theory, Typical Groups, Analysis of Typical Fields in Function Theory of Multiple Complex Variables, Introduction to Number Theory, Numerical Integral and Its Application, Talking from the Unit Circle and Optimization Method.

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mathematician from Wu Wenjun. Born in Shanghai on May 12th, 1919. Graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 194. He went to France to study in 1947. He studied mathematics at the French National Center for Scientific Research in Paris, and received the French National Doctor of Science degree in 1949. Returned to China in 1951. In 1957, he was elected as a member of China Academy of Sciences. Professor of Mathematics Department of Peking University, researcher and deputy director of Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, researcher and deputy director of Institute of System Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences, honorary director, director of Research Center of Mathematical Mechanization. He used to be the chairman and honorary chairman of chinese mathematical society, and the deputy director and director of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences. Wu Wenjun is mainly engaged in the research of topology and machine proof, and has made many outstanding achievements. He is the founder of the research of mathematical mechanization in China and has made important contributions to the development of mathematical research and science in China. In 1952, the doctoral thesis "Spherical Fiber Indicative Class" was published, which was an important contribution to the basic problems of spherical fiber theory. Since the 194s, a series of outstanding achievements have been made in the research of indicative classes and embedded classes, which have many important applications. They have been called "Wu Wenjun Formula" and "Wu Wenjun Indicative Classes" by the international mathematics community and have been compiled into many masterpieces. This achievement won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award (Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences) in 1956. In 196s, we continued to study the embedding class, and creatively discovered new topological invariants, among which the achievements on embedding and immersion of polyhedron still occupy the leading position in the world. The achievement of Pontryagin's characteristic class is a basic theoretical study of topology fiber bundle theory and differential manifold geometry, which has profound theoretical significance. In recent years, Wu Wenjun's principle of theorem machine proof (internationally known as "Wu's method") has been established, and it has achieved the machine proof of elementary geometry and differential geometry theorems, occupying a leading position in the world. This important innovation has changed the face of automatic reasoning research, had a great influence in the field of theorem machine proof, and has important application value, which will lead to the change of mathematical research methods. The research achievements in this field won the major achievement award of the National Mathematics Congress in 1978 and the first prize of the Science and Technology Progress Award of China Academy of Sciences in 198. He has also made important contributions to the research of machine discovery and creation theorem, algebraic geometry, the history of Chinese mathematics, game theory and so on.

Yang Le

mathematician. Born in Nantong, Jiangsu Province on November 1th, 1939. In 1956, he was admitted to the Department of Mathematics in Peking University, and graduated in 1962. In the same year, he was admitted to the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, where he stayed after graduation in 1966. He used to be director of the Institute of Mathematics of China Academy of Sciences, secretary-general and chairman of chinese mathematical society. Currently, he is a researcher and director of academic committee of Institute of Mathematics, China Academy of Sciences. In 198, he was elected as a member of China Academy of Sciences. Yang Le has been at the forefront of the world for 2 years and is one of the leading mathematicians in the world with his many creative and important contributions in the fields of function module distribution theory, radiation angle distribution theory, normal family and so on. 1. The deficient values and deficient functions of whole functions and meromorphic functions are deeply studied. In cooperation with Zhang Guanghou, the close relationship between the number of deficient values of meromorphic functions and the number of Borel directions is established for the first time. After introducing defect function, the estimation of total defect of meromorphic function with finite lower level is given, thus proving that its defect function is countable; The estimation of the total deficiency of meromorphic functions combined with derivatives is given, which completely solves three problems put forward by the famous scholar D.Drasin7 in the 197 s. Second, the normal family is studied systematically, and some new important normal rules are obtained. Yang Le established the connection between normal family and fixed point, and the connection between normal family and differential polynomial, and solved a problem of normal family put forward by the famous scholar W.K.Hayman. Thirdly, the angular distribution of whole functions and meromorphic functions is studied systematically and deeply. When Yang Le studied the angular distribution of derivatives involved in meromorphic functions, he obtained a new type of singular direction. The relationship between radial angle distribution and multiple values is obtained. The distribution law of Borel direction of meromorphic functions is completely characterized. Worked with Hayman to solve a conjecture of Littlewood. Yang Le's above-mentioned important research achievements have been highly praised and cited by colleagues at home and abroad, and his deficit-deficit relationship has been called "Yang Le deficit-deficit relationship" by foreign scholars.

Chen Jingrun became an internationally renowned mathematician and was deeply respected by people. However, he did not feel complacent, but attributed all the credit to the motherland and the people. In order to safeguard the interests of the motherland, he did not hesitate to sacrifice his personal fame and fortune.

One day in p>1977, Chen Jingrun received a letter from abroad, which was written to him by the president of the International Federation of Mathematicians, inviting him to attend the International Congress of Mathematicians. There are 3 people attending this conference, all of whom are world-famous mathematicians. Chen Jingrun is one of 1 mathematicians appointed by the congress to give academic reports. This is a great honor for a mathematician, and it is of great benefit to improve Chen Jingrun's international reputation.

Chen Jingrun didn't make a claim, but immediately reported to the Party branch of the Institute and asked for instructions from the Party. The party branch reported this situation to the Academy of Sciences. The party organization of the Academy of Sciences was cautious about this issue, because China's seat in the International Federation of Mathematicians at that time had been occupied by Taiwan Province.

The leader of the hospital replied, "You are a mathematician, and the Party organization respects your personal opinions. You can write back to him yourself."

after careful consideration, Chen Jingrun finally decided to give up this rare opportunity. In his reply to the President of the International Federation of Mathematicians, he wrote: "First, our country has always attached importance to developing academic exchanges and friendly relations with countries all over the world. I personally thank the President of the International Federation of Mathematicians for his invitation. Second, there is only one China in the world, and the only one that can represent the interests of the broad masses of people in China is the People's Republic of China, of which Taiwan Province is an inseparable part. I can't attend because Taiwan Province currently occupies the seat of the International Federation of Mathematicians in China. Third, if China has only one representative, I can consider attending this meeting. " In order to safeguard the dignity of the motherland, Chen Jingrun sacrificed his personal interests.

In p>1979, Chen Jingrun went to the United States for a short-term research visit at the invitation of Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. The conditions of Princeton Institute are very good. In order to make full use of such good conditions, Chen Jingrun squeezed out all the time he could save, worked hard and didn't even go back to his residence for lunch. Sometimes when he goes out to attend a meeting and the hotel is noisy, he hides in the bathroom and continues his research work. Because of his hard work, in the short five months in the United States, in addition to attending meetings and giving lectures, he completed the paper "The Minimum Prime Number in Arithmetic Series", which pushed the minimum prime number from 8 to 16 at once. This research achievement was also the most advanced in the world at that time.

In a country with relatively developed materials like the United States, Chen Jingrun still maintains its frugal style at home. He can get 2 dollars a month from the institute, which can be said to be quite generous. Every day at noon, he never goes to the dining hall of the Institute for dinner. It is exquisite there, and he can enjoy it completely, but he always eats the dry food and fruit he brings with him. He is so thrifty that after living in the United States for five months, he spent only $7 on meals except for rent, utilities and $1,8. When he returned, * * * saved $7,5.

The money was not a small sum at that time. He could have bought some high-end home appliances from abroad just like everyone else. But he gave all the money to the country. What does he think? In his own words: "Our country is not rich yet, so I can't just think about enjoying myself."

Chen Jingrun is such a modest and upright person. Although he has achieved great success, he is not complacent. He said, "I just climbed a hill on the road of science, but I haven't climbed the real peak yet. I have to continue to work hard."

China mathematician

In China, the origin of mathematics can also be traced back to ancient times. By the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC ~ 8th century BC), "number", as one of the "six arts" that noble disciples must learn (ritual, music, archery, imperial command, calligraphy and number), had formed a special knowledge, and some knowledge later became part of China's two earliest mathematical works handed down from generation to generation —— Zhou Shu Shu Jing and Nine Chapters Arithmetic.

Zhou Mao suan Jing is also an astronomical work with unknown author, and it was written no later than the 2nd century BC. The most important mathematical aspects of Zhou Tao Shu Jing are Pythagorean theorem, fractional operation and measurement.

This paper does not give proof of Pythagorean Theorem in Zhoumao Calculations Classic, but the theory of Pythagorean Square in Zhao Shuang's annotation in Zhoumao Calculations Classic contains the earliest proof of Pythagorean Theorem in ancient China. Zhao Shuang, whose name was Jun Qing and life is unknown, lived in the Three Kingdoms Period of the Later Han Dynasty (the early third century AD). The theory of "Pythagorean Square Diagram" is just over 5 words, which summarizes the main achievements of Pythagorean arithmetic in the whole Han Dynasty.

Nine Chapters Arithmetic is the most important classical mathematics in ancient China, which has a far-reaching influence on the development of ancient mathematics in China. Liu Hui's Preface to Nine Chapters Arithmetic said that Nine Chapters was developed from the "Nine Numbers" in the Zhou Dynasty, and was deleted and supplemented by Zhang Cang and Geng Shouchang in the Western Han Dynasty. The Zhusuanshu (unearthed in 1984), a bamboo slip found in Zhangjiashan, Hubei Province in recent years, is similar in some contents to Jiuzhangsuan. It can be considered that Nine Chapters Arithmetic was compiled and revised by many scholars in a long period from the pre-Qin period, and was finally written in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty (the first century BC).

The Nine Chapters Arithmetic takes the form of examples with commanding skills and texts. The whole book * * * contains 246 mathematical problems, which are divided into nine chapters (① Square field, ② Millet, ③ Decline score, ④ Less and more extensive, ⑤ Quotient work, ⑤ Both lose, ⑧ Insufficient profit, ⑧ Equation and ⑨ Pythagoras). The mathematical achievements contained in "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" are rich and varied, and the most famous ones, such as fractional arithmetic, double-seeking method ("surplus and deficiency" technique), open method, elimination method of linear equations ("equation technique") and the introduction of negative numbers ("plus and minus technique"), are of world significance.

China is the first country in the world to adopt decimal notation, which has been widely used during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, that is, it strictly follows the decimal notation. The only information about the counting method now is contained in Sun Tzu's Calculations. Sun Tzu's Calculation Classics has three volumes, the author's name is unknown, and it was written in the 4th century AD. The first volume of this book is a systematic introduction to the calculation rules, and the second volume has the famous topic of "I don't know how many things are", also known as "Sun Tzu's problem".

Zhang Qiu Jian suan Jing —— Baiji Shu

According to Qian Baoyu's research, Zhang Qiujian was written in 466-485 AD. Zhang Qiujian was born in Qinghe (now Linqing, Shandong) in the Northern Wei Dynasty, life is unknown. The application of the least common multiple, the mutual seeking of arithmetic progression's elements and "Hundred Chicken Techniques" are his main achievements. "Hundred Chicken Techniques" is a world-famous indefinite equation problem. The 13th century Italy Fibonacci's Calculations, 15th century Arabia Al Cassie <: < The key to arithmetic and other works all have the same problem.

Jia Xian: < The Nine Chapters of the Yellow Emperor calculate the classics >

The classical mathematicians in China reached their peak in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the prelude of this development was the discovery of the Jia Xian Triangle (binomial expansion coefficient table) and the establishment of the closely related high-order open method ("the method of increasing multiplication and opening"). Jia Xian, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty, completed the Nine Chapters of the Yellow Emperor's Fine Scripture in about 15. The original book was lost, but its main contents were copied by Yang Hui's works (about the 13th century), which can be handed down from generation to generation. Yang Hui (1261) contains a diagram of the origin of the prescription method, which indicates that "Jia Xian used this technique". This is the famous "Jia Xian Triangle", or "Yang Hui Triangle". At the same time, Jia Xian's "method of increasing, multiplying and opening" for higher power root is recorded.

Jia Xian Triangle is called Pascal Triangle in western literature, which was rediscovered by French mathematician B Pascal in 1654.

Qin Jiushao: < < number of books and nine chapters > >

Qin Jiushao (about 122 ~ 1261), born in Anyue, Sichuan, was an official in Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other places, and was exiled to Meizhou (now Meixian, Guangdong) around 1261, and died in his post soon. Qin Jiushao, Li Ye, Yang Hui and Zhu Shijie are also called the four great mathematicians in Song and Yuan Dynasties. In his early years in Hangzhou, he "visited Taishi and learned mathematics from a recluse", and in 1247, he wrote the famous "Several Books and Nine Chapters". There are 18 volumes and 81 questions in the book, which are divided into nine categories (Dayan, Tianshi, Tianjing, Prospecting, Foraging, Qiangu, Construction, Military Service and Market Change). His most important mathematical achievements-"Total number of large derivatives" (one-time congruence group solution) and "positive and negative square root" (numerical value of higher order equation