the influence of tourism on Naxi traditional culture

Abstract:

As a complex human behavior, tourism is not only interpersonal communication, economic circulation, but also a process of cultural exchange and interaction. It affects people's production and life extensively and profoundly. With the acceleration of modernization and globalization, tourism plays a more and more important role in social development with its unique industry characteristics, bringing all-round and profound influence to the reception area. On the one hand, it promoted the revival of traditional culture, on the other hand, it also had a negative impact on traditional culture. Based on the analysis of the dual influence of tourism on Naxi traditional culture, this paper discusses the cultural protection in Lijiang tourism development in order to promote the sustainable development of Lijiang tourism.

Abstract：

Tour is a complex human behaviour , It is a kind of communication among people, economic exchange as well as a process of cultural interaction . Tourism influences people’s life widely and deeply . Along with the development of mo dernization and globalization, tourism has been playing a more and more important role in social development with its own characteristics ， and has brought an overall influence on its destinations . On one hand ,tourism could accelerate the revival of traditional culture ； on the other hand ， it also would bring negative affect on it . This paper begin with the double sides’ influence on Naxi Nationality’s traditional culture and then discu Sses cultural protection in development of Lijiang tourism in order to develop its tourism continue a bly.

Keywords:

tourism, Naxi traditional culture, Influence

p>Key word：

tourism, Naxi Nationality's, traditional culture, influence

Preface

In recent years, Lijiang's tourism industry has developed at an unprecedented speed, which has produced increasingly extensive and far-reaching influence at home and abroad. According to the statistics of tourism authorities, in 25, * * * received 4,42,3 tourists from home and abroad, and its comprehensive tourism income exceeded 3,859 million yuan. Lijiang has changed from a "forgotten corner" to a tourist hotspot city with the dual identities of world natural heritage and world cultural heritage. Lijiang, which integrates natural scenery and human landscape, has been paid more and more attention and cherished by people. It is under this background that Lijiang tourism has taken off rapidly from the beginning. Lijiang has also become the most attractive tourist destination because of its unique national traditional culture. It can be said that traditional culture plays an important role in Lijiang tourism development. The prosperity of tourism promotes the revival of traditional culture, on the other hand, it also brings some negative effects to the protection of traditional culture. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to correctly understand the positive and negative influences exerted by the changes of traditional culture in tourist reception areas and analyze the internal causes of their evolution, which will promote the sustainable development of local society.

1. The positive influence of tourism on the traditional culture of Naxi nationality

In recent years, tourism has promoted the economic and social development of Lijiang. With the pace of the times, Lijiang, a resounding name, has become world-famous and one of the most worthwhile tourist spots in the world. However, the influence of tourism on the traditional culture of Naxi nationality in Lijiang is also various.

(1) Tourism has promoted the revival of traditional culture

With the continuous influx of thousands of tourists, it has brought many demands, especially for the traditional culture of local nationalities, which has revived many traditional spiritual and material cultures that are on the verge of being lost, and has been integrated into the tourism market and reconstructed and reborn. For example, many cultural landscapes have been restored; The protection of Dongba culture and Naxi ancient music has been raised to the height of legalization; Dongba papermaking technology was restored; Traditional handicrafts such as copper, silver and pottery have been reborn; Traditional folk diets, such as bean jelly, hair sugar, Baba and butter tea, have become popular flavor foods for tourists. It is particularly worth mentioning that Dongba culture, as the core part of Lijiang Naxi traditional culture, covers all aspects of Naxi social life, customs, moral concepts, culture and art, and is known as the "encyclopedia of Naxi ancient society". However, with the rapid changes in social and political systems, Dongba culture has gradually fallen into a deep crisis of overall decline and even extinction since the 195s. Until the 198s, with the improvement of the domestic situation, especially the development of local tourism, it brought opportunities for the restoration of Dongba culture. Dongba culture, which was originally confined to academic research and regarded as mysterious and abstruse, has rapidly entered the market, becoming the most beautiful local cultural landscape and the main cultural factor to promote Lijiang tourism tide.

(2) The demand of tourism for traditional culture has enhanced people's self-awareness of protecting traditional culture

Tourism has promoted the development of local economy and improved people's living conditions. While enjoying the great benefits brought by tourism, local residents have gradually discovered the irreplaceability of their traditional culture, thus eliminating their cultural inferiority in the face of the so-called mainstream culture in the past, cherishing their traditional culture more and more, and sincerely having a sense of responsibility and mission to safeguard traditional culture. Traditional culture is being protected and passed down in various ways. For example, the local government, people and enterprises in Lijiang have increased their income through tourism, and returned part of the tourism income to the restoration of the ancient city, cultural protection and rescue, and sorting out traditional culture, thus promoting and promoting the protection and development of national culture. There are also schools established for the revival and inheritance of Dongba culture with the strong appeal and advocacy of Naxi intellectual elites and the support of local governments. For example, Mr. Guo Dalie, a well-known Naxi scholar, opened the Dongba Culture Learning Institute in Hongwen Village of Huangshan Town, and the Naxi Culture Study Hall organized by Mr. He Limin in Jinshan Township, as well as the Dongba Culture Museum and Dongba Culture School. In 1999 and 21, China Lijiang International Culture and Art Festival and China Lijiang International Dongba Cultural Tourism Festival were successfully held successively, which made Dongba culture, an ancient cultural treasure, shine brilliantly again.

Second, the negative impact of tourism on traditional culture

Just as everything in the world has its advantages and disadvantages. The development of tourism activities not only promotes the revival of traditional culture, but also brings a series of negative effects to local traditional culture. The impact of tourism on traditional culture is wider and deeper than that on the natural environment, which will affect the sustainable development of local society, so it should be paid more attention to.

(1) Weakening and assimilation of traditional national culture

"With the development of tourism, under the strong impact of heterogeneous culture, the original cultural features of the reception area have changed to some extent, from clothing, architecture and lifestyle to language and writing, etc., they are increasingly converging with outsiders, and the local traditional culture is gradually diluted, assimilated and even distorted."

[1] As an important carrier of national culture, national language. Due to the process of "cultural integration" triggered or accelerated by tourism, its function is constantly being weakened and gradually dying out. Compared with 1 years ago, there are fewer and fewer people who speak their own language in the urban and dam areas of Lijiang, and it has become a trend to teach children to speak Chinese since childhood. About 7% of local residents, especially young people, no longer speak Naxi. In the streets and lanes or on buses, you can hear the strange phenomenon that Naxi language is spoken between parents and Chinese is spoken between parents and children. Nowadays, speaking Naxi language is not the identification symbol of Naxi people, but the identification symbol of rural people, that is, among those young people who can speak Naxi language, a large number of words in Naxi language are disappearing, so there is a situation that "grandparents who can wittily impart traditional cultural knowledge and wisdom to their descendants in their mother tongue can only stutter with their grandchildren who can only speak Chinese".

[2] The development of tourism makes a large number of tourists keep pouring in for a long time, and each tourist does not stay for a long time, but for the Naxi nationality, the tourist destination, tourists are received every day. Therefore, this kind of contact and impact is lasting. "Generally speaking, tourists from culturally strong areas will have a demonstration effect on the residents of reception areas in culturally weak areas, and the ideas and culture they bring will become the objects that local residents (especially young people) are eager to emulate. To a certain extent, they have subtly changed their daily behaviors and values, from the initial blind imitation of costumes and entertainment methods to the later deliberate pursuit, and began to get more and more tired of their original lifestyle, and even developed into the final complete abandonment. "

[3] Mosuo people, who live in ninglang county, Yunnan Province, are one of the ancient indigenous people there. With rich national culture, its unique Mosuo cultural system dominates all aspects of social life. However, with the development of tourism, the ancient and peaceful Mosuo society has also experienced shocks, and the phenomenon of sinicization has gradually become serious. In order to cater to tourists' preferences, they wear light and dexterous Han costumes and speak Mandarin. The simple and vigorous Mosuo folk songs and modern popular Han songs echoed on Lugu Lake at the same time. Matriarchal marriage and family have also been affected. People who go out to work are willing to settle down outside, and Mosuo girls are also willing to marry out of the village. There are not a few such examples. In more and more tourist destinations, the sinicization of architecture, clothing, language, diet, festivals and even customs is becoming more and more serious, "making people think of the border village as Hangzhou".

(2) Staging and commercialization of traditional culture

In the tourism market, it is the main means of tourism development at present to pursue tourism benefits unilaterally, regardless of the characteristics of local social and cultural resources, and to operate completely according to tourists' tastes, package national culture in the form of modern art, and make its traditional stage artistic and commercialized. Although it can effectively stimulate tourists in a specific time and environment, it can produce the effect of tourism consumption. However, its fatal weakness is to make the traditional national culture lose its original cultural connotation and become commercialized day by day. Most tourists are not really concerned about the value of that culture, but are driven by curiosity. For a tourist, what is fresh, amazing, hard-won and not seen anywhere else is what he wants. He chooses between what he approaches and what he buys. "Everything that can attract tourists in the reception area is marked with the price' for sale', and the traditional culture simply serves the economy, but the real connotation is often dismembered, castrated or even forged or faked artificially, and the original cultural value is completely replaced by commercial value, resulting in so-called' national costumes',' national songs and dances' and' national manners and customs' that have been tampered with beyond recognition to cater to tourists. All kinds of etiquette and customs, which were originally held only at a specific time, place and occasion and according to the traditional content and methods, have been repeatedly invited to break the rules and appear on the stage. Everything has become so impressive, the atmosphere is warm and even spectacular, but it has no special significance and value in essence. It is just a staged, stylized and commercialized performance. " For example, the river lantern was originally a folk form for Naxi people to pay homage to the dead. Now it has been transformed into a game of wishing for good wishes, which brings wealth to operators every day. On the surface, the traditional culture of the reception area still exists, at least in the external form, but in fact its purpose of existence is fundamentally different from the past.

as far as the revival of Dongba culture, the most typical representative of Naxi traditional culture, is concerned, it is not and cannot be the "original" revival of Dongba culture. Dongba culture, with Dongba religion as an important carrier in the past, is profound and all-encompassing, and it is an indispensable part of Naxi social life. For thousands of years, it has built the spiritual world of Naxi nationality with its strong vitality and lasting influence, and it is the sacred soul of Naxi nationality. Now, the revival of Dongba culture is no longer to meet the spiritual needs of Naxi people, but to all kinds of domestic and foreign tourists, who don't believe in Dongba religion, just want to know about it, and even some tourists are just curious. So there is a lack of the vital emotional foundation on which that religious belief depends. Therefore, "the revival of Dongba culture, its essence is only the rise of a cultural industry." Dongba characters are known as "the only living hieroglyphics in the world" and are very decorative, so many people regard Dongba culture as a tool to make money. Farmers in the mountains cut logs to make wooden trays and sell them to craftsmen in the city, who then wholesale the finished products to vendors. The characters carved or drawn on wooden trays, such as the frog god, the eagle god and Dongba, are regarded as sacred objects of belief in traditional society, but now they are hung in rows in shops and shops in the ancient city, waiting for tourists to buy them. Due to the lack of authoritative certification institutions for cultural products, all kinds of Dongba cultural shirts and wall hangings that sell well on the streets are full of fallacies, and even the shopkeepers don't know what to say. This not only caused many tourists to be deceived, but also directly led to the superficiality and vulgarization of Dongba culture, thus laying a fatal hidden danger for the sustainable development of traditional culture.

(3) Changes in living environment and way (taking Old Town of Lijiang as an example)

The world-famous ancient city bears the long history and culture of Lijiang and is a symbol of the wisdom of Naxi people. However, under the impact of tourism wave, the ancient city has to cater to the needs of tourists and become increasingly commercialized. There are more than 1,6 businesses in a narrow area of only 3.8 square kilometers in Old Town of Lijiang. There are many shops and noisy people, which destroys the original tranquility and simplicity, and more than 7% of the shops or inns