199 1 09 On August 19, the conservatives in the Soviet Union launched an unsuccessful coup and placed under house arrest Soviet President Gorbachev, who was vacationing in the Black Sea at that time, in an attempt to reclaim the power entrusted to join the Soviet Union and terminate the unsuccessful economic reform. However, under the common opposition of the people, the army and most Soviet party member, the coup failed after only three days. Although Gorbachev was reinstated after the coup, the Central Committee of the Alliance could not control the separatist forces that joined the United States, and these separatist forces had been greatly strengthened in the process of quelling the coup. Russian President Yeltsin ordered the Soviet Union to be declared an illegal organization and restricted its activities in Russia.

At that time, Russia's economic situation was a pile of half-dead planned economy enterprises, plus 1 trillion rubles of domestic debt and120 billion dollars of foreign debt. Radical Democrats, led by Yeltsin, believe that western neo-liberalism theory and monetarism theory should be adopted to guide Russia's transformation, advocate a completely free market economy model and minimize the role of the government; In terms of transformation policies and methods, we should implement a radical one-step economic transformation, that is, "shock therapy."

There are three key steps in "shock therapy": liberalizing prices, tightening fiscal and monetary policies and large-scale privatization. At first, this "three axes" quickly saved Bolivia from despair, but for Russia, a huge economy, the miracle did not reappear in a short time, but it took nearly seven years to show its effect. Shock therapy has deteriorated sharply in 1992. 1992 decreased 18.5%, 12%, 1994 decreased 15%, 1995 decreased by 4%, and 1996 decreased by 5%. In that year, the total GDP was only110 in the United States and 1/5 in China, and the per capita GDP was reduced to 1.500 US dollars (the total GDP of China in 65,438 was +0.03 trillion US dollars and the per capita GDP was 759 US dollars).

However, since 1999, the Russian economy has grown strongly at an average annual rate of 6 percentage points. In 2005, the per capita GDP reached US$ 5,300 (an increase of 253% since 65,438+0,998). The total GDP is 0.77 trillion US dollars, ranking 13. This year, with the high growth rate and the appreciation of the ruble, the per capita GDP is expected to reach 6,000 US dollars. In 2005, the total GDP of China was 2.235 trillion US dollars, and the per capita GDP was 1.720 US dollars (increasing by 1.29% since 1.998).

If we look at the per capita GDP that can better reflect the people's wealth, isn't the Russian economic trajectory more convincing than that of China? From today, what has shock therapy brought to Russian economy?

First, the biggest contribution of shock therapy is the real establishment of a market economy in Russia. What is the sign? I think the price formation mechanism in Russia is very reasonable. Among them, I think the most important thing is that the Russian labor force is absolutely valuable. The only price that can be referenced in the shock is the international price. More is the price of dollars. In this way, after the impact, the prices of all goods and services are basically in line with the international market prices. The ruble has also become the country's freely convertible currency. This result is obviously the fundamental reason why Russia is recognized as a market economy country by Europe and America. In the Russian Federation, foreigners, including Americans and Europeans, will certainly not get any special treatment or preferential treatment than their own people. And foreigners can't get much benefit from their own people. House prices in Moscow are no different from those in new york and London. Prices are basically the same. Russian goods will never be dumped on the international market at the expense of exploiting their own people (low wages).

Second, the tax system in the Russian Federation is very complete. And it is the lowest country in Europe. Whether it is personal income tax or corporate income tax. The uniform tax rate is stipulated by the domestic tax law. For everyone, nationals and foreigners are equal. It is also equal for large enterprises and small enterprises. Tax officials also have no right to reduce or exempt anyone's taxes, which fully and effectively eliminates corruption. Because as long as there are no concessions and the privileges of officials are zero, there will be no corruption. The newly formed tax police have a high efficiency in inspection. This caused the Russian Federation to queue up to pay taxes.

Third, the consequences of shock therapy and privatization to enterprises: employees of enterprises have more than 12% ownership in 95% companies, and have absolute advantages in 50% companies, exceeding 57%. Among them, workers have more than 5% ownership in 95% companies and more than 39% ownership in 50% companies. The manager of an enterprise has more than 13% ownership in 50% companies. 2. External shareholders hold more than 30% of the shares in 50% of the companies, which is lower than employee stock ownership. The country has lost at least 50% of the company's shares. The above statistics show that in the economic transition period of the 1990s, employee ownership was the main body of enterprise ownership structure. The enterprise dominated by employee ownership is a typical feature of Russian enterprise system. This means that in Russian enterprises, privatization is relatively thorough and the proportion of employees holding shares is very high, so the sustainable development of such enterprises will definitely be gradually enhanced.

Fourth, Russian agriculture: 1992, Russia implements market-oriented reform. In the process of economic liberalization, the Russian government implemented radical "shock therapy", dissolved collective farms and state-owned farms, and implemented a western-style private farm management model. In the market reform, the ownership structure of Russian countryside has undergone tremendous changes. According to the results of the reform, by the end of 2000, 70% of agricultural land had been demutualized, and120,000 farmers had become landowners. 92% of the owners of land shares have obtained the title certificate. At the beginning of 1999, collective farms accounted for 17.8% of the total number of agricultural enterprises, state farms only accounted for 6.7% of the total number, and newly rebuilt agricultural organizations accounted for 68. 1%. Agricultural products processing enterprises and agricultural service enterprises have basically been privatized.

The top 100 enterprises in the "Top 300 Agriculture" selected by Russia are mainly concentrated in agricultural production areas, and the cultivated land area of each enterprise ranges from10.5 million hectares to 20,000 hectares. At present, the state-owned component of agriculture is less than 65,438+00%, and 62% of agricultural land is privately owned. By the end of 2000, the total number of private farms had reached 260,000, including more than 300 large-scale agricultural enterprises, and nearly 100 large-scale agricultural enterprise groups integrating planting, breeding, processing and sales were particularly eye-catching. From 65438 to 0999, Russian agricultural output increased by 4%, and grain output increased by 5% in 2000, reaching 64 million tons. 200 1 year sown area increased by 10%, which was the first increase since 10. Thanks to the strong support of the government and good natural conditions, the grain output of 200/kloc-0 reached 85.2 million tons. This not only meets the domestic demand of 70 million tons, but also exports surplus grain abroad. In 2002, Russia's grain output reached 86 million tons.

In recent years, due to the adjustment of policies and changes in the overall macroeconomic situation, agriculture has become the most profitable and promising sector from the least valued and unprofitable sector in the Russian economy for many years. According to calculation, the input-output ratio of agriculture is as high as 1∶5 at present, and some large food companies and oil companies are also actively investing in agriculture.

V. Russian banks: At the beginning of shock therapy, the most conspicuous and largest number of private banks appeared in Russian society. Newly established private banks or share-holding banks can be seen everywhere in cities. After more than ten years of brutal competition, especially the baptism of 1998 financial crisis. Russian banking is maturing. At present, the Russian banking industry is mainly private and shareholding. The British "Banker" magazine recently announced the top 2004 World Bank 1000, among which 22 Russian banks were selected. In 2003, there were 19 bank credit organizations in Russia, and the three newly added banks were Russian Standard Bank, Industrial Construction Bank and Eurofinance Moscow Bank.

To sum up, Russia's economy has been growing at a high speed for six consecutive years: in 2003, Russia's GDP increased by 7.3%, and in 2004 it increased by 7. 1%, exceeding 582 billion US dollars. It is estimated that 2005 will reach the level of last year.

In 2004, Russian industrial production increased by 6. 1%, agricultural production increased by 1.6%, transportation increased by 8.2%, real cash income of residents increased by 7.8%, retail business increased by 12. 1%, commodity exports increased by 33.9%, and imports increased.

At the beginning of 2005, the gold reserves of the Soviet Union and Russia reached a historical record, reaching $654.38+024.5 billion ($47.8 billion in 2002).

In 2004, the average monthly salary increased by 22.9%, reaching 247 dollars. It reached $300 in June 2005.

In 2004, Russia's total foreign trade increased by 32%, reaching $276.8 billion. The export value was USD 654.38 billion+USD 82 million (+33.9%), and the import value was USD 94.8 billion (+24.6%). In the past, it was criticized that Russia's economic growth depended on the rise of oil prices, but this is not the case. In 2004, the export value was US$ 65,438+0,820, and the extra income brought by the oil price increase in that year was US$ 7 billion. These extra incomes are not large for the whole economy. In addition, all the extra income from oil in the Russian Federation will go to the stabilization fund. Putin said that it may be 1000 years before it can be used. This money is reserved for future generations.

In a word, civil society has been established in the Russian Federation, constitutional government has been established, and market economy has been recognized by the European Union and the United States. Russian economy benefits from political openness and transparency. The economy has developed at a high speed for seven consecutive years. This growth will be sustained and benign.