1. The research presupposes a shift from a positive audience view to a negative audience view.

The Payne Foundation believes that audiences may become victims of media content. In the past, people were always worried about the audience's unclear acceptance behavior, and they appeared to be too active; 2. The research focus shifted from focusing on the audience's behavior when they receive it to measuring the audience's exposure to the media.

immediate response and long-term effects.

Payne Foundation research typically treats moviegoing as an individual psychological experience, focusing on the psychological impact on young viewers.