State name Alaska
Alaska.
Another name
The last frontier (the last frontier)
Midnight sunny land.
national flag
The blue background represents the sky and state flowers. Forget me. Polaris represents the future development of the northernmost Alaska, while the Big Dipper represents the constellation Ursa major, symbolizing strength. BENNY BENSON designed it at the age of 1927 13.
Hua Zhou
Forget me. A small light blue flower that can adapt to various climates in Alaska.
Zhou Shu
Spruce Spruce is majestic and tall. This evergreen tree can be found in southeastern and central Alaska.
Zhouyu
Chinnock salmon. More than 100 pounds of salmon can be caught in Alaska waters.
State bird
Willow grouse The appearance is similar to that of pheasant, and the feathers will change from light brown to white with the coming of winter snow.
county government
Juno. Population 30,981(2002). It can only be reached by water or air traffic, and there is no land connection.
The largest city
Anchorage Population: 269,070 (in 2002, 65,438+00.4% of the population were indigenous people or their descendants).
Major city
Fairbanks, with a population of 29,670 (2002), is located in the interior of Alaska.
manager
Sarah palin (sarah palin)
senator
Ted Stevens
Lisa Mukowski
language
There is no official language. In the United States, 85.7% of the population use English, 5.2% use North American English and 2.9% use Spanish.
zone
1, 7 1 7,855 km2 (1in the United States)
Land: 1, 48 1, 347 square kilometers.
Waters: 236,507 km2 (13.77%)
Human population
648,865,438+08 (48th in America in 2003). The population density is 0.42 people/km2 (50th in the United States). Among them, whites account for 67.6%, Indians and aborigines account for 15.6%, Hispanics account for 4. 1%, Asians account for 4%, blacks account for 3.5%, and hybrids account for 5.4%. The six major ethnic groups are German (16.6%), Alaska Native (15.6%), Irish (10.8%), British (9.6%), American (5.7%) and Norwegian (4.2%). The average age of Quanzhou population is 3 1 year. Nearly half the population lives in cities.
festival
Alaska enjoys all major festivals in the United States, including seward Day on the last Monday in March and 65438+ 10/8 Alaska joined the United States.
Join the federal government
1On October 3rd, the 49th country joined the United States.
time zone
Alaska Standard Time Zone: UTC-9/-8
Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone: UTC- 10/-9 (W 169 30')
latitude
54 40' n to 7150' n' n
West longitude 130 to east longitude 173
extensive
1, 300 km
long
2380 kilometers
altitude
Up to 6194m; An average of 3060 meters; Minimum 0 meters.
abbreviate
Postal service: AK
ISO: American AK (FIPS code 02)
day and night
In Bering area, the sun rises every May 10, and will not set for the next three months. However, every year after sunset on June 1 18, local residents will not see the sun rise in Ran Ran for more than two months.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. history
It is generally believed that Alaskans came from Asia and Bering Strait and developed into Indians of different tribes. The earliest recorded Europeans came from Russia and went to Alaska to catch sea otters for fur.
The history of Alaska is a process of human discovery and adaptation to this rich and diverse geographical environment. Since mankind set foot on this land, it has been exerting a profound influence on the people living here. The first Alaskans lived in the Ice Age about 65,438+05,000 years ago, when most of the earth's surface was covered with ice and snow. Today, a large piece of submerged land stands above the sea level, one of which connects Alaska and Siberia.
Anthropologists believe that most Alaska natives are nomadic hunters from Siberia to South America. The first people who landed in Alaska mainly had three races: Eskimos, Aleutians and Indians. Eskimos are scattered in the north and west of Alaska; Aleutians mainly settled in the Aleutian Islands; Two Indian tribes, Tligits and Athabascan, mainly settled in the southeast and central regions. Tligits Indians thrive in southeastern Alaska, where forests are dense, fish and food are abundant, and they are famous for totem poles, celebration costumes and exquisite carpets. They are also brave fighters. When the first Russians tried to enter Sitka with guns, they bravely drove away the invaders. The living environment of athabasca Indians living in the central region is relatively difficult, and starvation is common. They are natural hunters, often chasing reindeer and large deer long distances, catching river fish such as salmon, and exchanging furs and other items with other tribes.
Eskimos live in the north and west of athabasca Indians. They hunt and fish in barren land and collect berries and root plants in short and cool summer. Brave Eskimos hunt whales, walruses, seals and polar bears in narrow kayaks. They migrate with reindeer herds, hunting land and seabirds. Although Alaska's smallest indigenous Aleutians live far from the sea, their clothes, food, shelter, heating and even tools come from the sea and shore creatures. Although they are not good at sailing, they sometimes sail hundreds of miles in canoes with hides, barter, visit friends or attack enemies.
It was not until the17th century that new settlers discovered this place called "Aleska" or "land" by Aleutians. 174 1 June, Danish explorer Vitus Bering led a group of Russian sailors to set off from Siberia and look for the new continent eastward. On July 16, they discovered the mainland of Alaska, and the otter growing in Alaska became the biggest discovery of this expedition. By 1745, Russian hunters had established a solid hunting base in the Aleutian Islands, thus beginning the colonial period in Alaska. British, Spanish and American explorers followed closely, but it was the Russians who really stayed and had a great influence on Alaska. 1784, they established the first permanent settlement in Kodiak. By 1799, their tentacles had reached Sitka on the southeast coast, and Russia's sovereignty over Alaska was established.
1854, the Crimean war broke out, and Russia was also afraid that the Alaska colony would be taken away by Britain, so it proposed to sell Alaska to the United States. Finally, on March 29th, 1867, the United States and Russia agreed to close the transaction for US$ 7.2 million (including handling fee of US$ 200,000) (equivalent to US$ 0 million in 2003). The effective date of the land contract is 1867, 10, 18, so to this day, Alaska has been designated as Alaska Day to celebrate this day. This land transaction has become the largest transaction in the history of land transactions in the world, with an average unit price of only two cents per mu.
However, the US Secretary of State William Seward, who was in charge of this land purchase case, bought Alaska with a large sum of money. At that time, many Americans thought it was worthless and laughed at it as Seward's folly or Seward's refrigerator. But he said a word, and he said, "Now that I have bought it, many young people will benefit from buying this land."
In fact, because the middleman (a Russian) took bribes, the Russian czar government did not receive $7.2 million, and the Americans did not pay the gold in time as agreed, but delayed the payment of the check. The Russian traitor was later killed mysteriously. One reason for Americans to pay the bill is that Russia sent an ocean-going fleet to American waters to rescue the United States, at the expense of manpower and material resources. America didn't pay anything at that time. When the Russians retreated from Alaska, they hunted wild offshore animals. It is said that the fjord was red with blood.
With the discovery of gold mines and the exploration of oil, Americans also understand the importance of Alaska. Then, after World War II, due to the strategic and economic relations of Alaska, 1959, Alaska was upgraded to the 49th state of the United States (Hawaii was upgraded to the 50th state the following year). Nowadays, many airlines fly from Asia to the east coast of the United States through the airport in Alaska, which saves a lot of flight time and fuel compared with direct flights.
Nevertheless, the American Stars and Stripes first flew in Alaska in June 1867+ 10/8. However, in the following years, the federal government did not pay much attention to this latest map, but set up a tax agency in Sitka, 1877, which was in charge of about 153 square miles of land and about 40,000 residents in Alaska. The situation didn't change until gold was discovered.
It has long been known that there is gold in Alaska, but the real gold rush was formed after Joe Junian and richard harris discovered gold. Hundreds of gold diggers poured into Huang Jincheng, which was later named after Juno. 1897, gold was also found in the Klondike River in Yukon, Canada, so about 65438+ ten thousand gold prospectors flocked there again. 1898, the hot spot of gold panning turned to the beach near Nome, and overnight, there were more tents here. By the end of 1900, 232 ships had brought nearly 18000 gold prospectors. Gold has attracted the world's attention to Alaska. The newspaper reported the chaos in the anarchy of Skagway and Nome. Whether the report is exaggerated or not, it highlights the necessity of establishing the rule of law in Alaska. 1900 enacted laws and established a judicial system, but it was not until 19 12 that Alaska really enjoyed the status of a territory of the United States.
Under the cover of the gold rush, another unknown industry is quietly emerging, which will become the main pillar of Alaska's economic development, and that is salmon fishing and processing industry. By 1900, more than 50 salmon canneries have been built between Ketchikan and Bristol Bay. In the following decades, the distant federal government has been busy dealing with the internal and external troubles of the Great Depression and the European War. But after 194 1 declared war on Japan, the federal government suddenly realized Alaska's strategic position.
1943 Japan invaded the Aleutian Islands. At that time, about140,000 troops were stationed in Alaska, and then the Battle of Aleutian (also known as the "Battle of a Thousand Miles") became the first battle of the United States since the American Civil War. In order to provide logistic supplies for troops stationed in Alaska, a gravel road of 1523 miles was built between Canada and fairbanks, Alaska, which only took eight months. Until now, this highway is still the only land connection between Alaska and other American States.
[Edit this paragraph] III. regionalization
Southwest area (southwest)
Including the grassland from Aleutian Islands to the volcanic area of Katmai National Park, is the first foothold for Russian-Americans to set foot in Alaska, and can only be accessed by air and water. Two of China's three major fishing ports are located in this area, and Kodiak Port is the largest port in North America. The indigenous people in this area are Yupik Eskimos and Aleutians, who are famous for their basket weaving techniques. This water area breeds all kinds of marine life, and there are more than 230 kinds of birds in the Aleutian Islands.
Far north
This is the home of Inuit Eskimos, and it is also the area where aurora and extreme day appear. Traditional Eskimo life, modern oil technology and a large group of wild reindeer interweave into a unique landscape. Coetzee Bupo and Barrow are the two largest Eskimo communities in Alaska. Dalton Highway in this area connects Prudhoe Bay and Alaska Highway System, which is the only way to enter the Arctic.
Internal (internal)
Yukon river is the northernmost river on earth, about 2000 miles long. It runs through the inland areas of Alaska and Canada and flows into the Bering Sea from the ancient city of Klondike. The main aborigines are athabasca Indians, who are famous for weaving beads. Fairbanks, the second largest city in Alaska, is located in the middle of this area. It was excavated during the gold rush. It is a trade and transportation center with naval and army bases, and the University of Alaska is also located here. Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in North Denari, surrounded by National Protection Park, where there are many wild animals, such as reindeer, boxer deer, Dordogram, grizzly bear and so on.
Zhongnan (Central South)
Alaska range clearly outlined the curve of gulf of alaska, forming the appearance of south-central Alaska. More than half the residents of Alaska live here. There are glaciers, fjords, roadside lakes, calm beaches and rivers with salmon, which are beautiful all year round. There are large areas of farmland, fishing areas, national parks, ski resorts and Anchorage International City. All the important highway traffic lines in the state pass through this area, as do the Alaska Railway and Alaska Shipping System. Anchorage is an important transportation hub with convenient access to Mount McKinley, Denari National Park and fairbanks. Anchorage is also the only place on the Pacific Great Circle route.
Southeast area (southeast)
The inland corridor in southeastern Alaska is a glacier-cut terrain, where hemlock and spruce grow, natural pristine waters, snow peaks, deep fjords and forest islands, and it is also the main habitat of vultures, sea lions, dolphins and whales.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. geography
Alaska is a vast country with the longest coastline. One of the most famous American proverbs: "If Alaska is cut in half, then Texas is the third largest state".
The Rocky Mountains extend here, forming the highest peak in North America, running through the south-central region from east to west, then turning to southwest and inserting into the sea, forming the Aleutian Islands. The north is slightly lower, bordering on the Arctic Ocean. Because of the high mountains, the south is relatively warm. Southeast and south-central regions have temperate climate, and the annual temperature is about 0- 15℃. The inland climate is continental, reaching 26℃ in summer and-15℃ in winter. The west and southwest are affected by the ocean, and the cold wind is strong; The Arctic Circle has a polar climate, and the temperature is below zero all the year round.
In fact, many people don't accept the Chinese translation of the highest peak in North America into McKinley Peak, because it is a name, and according to the local custom in Alaska, it should be called Denari Peak, which means the highest peak.
Alaska has the best hunting and fishing places in the world. The number of national parks is the largest in the United States.
Brooks Mountains is an important mountain range in Alaska.
mountain range
Of the 20 highest mountains in the United States, 17 is located in Alaska, including the highest peak in North America, McKinley Peak (6 194m).
volcano
Alaska has more than 70 potentially active volcanoes. The most violent volcanic eruption in the last century was the eruption of Novarupta volcano in 19 12, which formed the famous valley of ten thousand smokes and has now become a part of Katmai National Memorial.
glacier
Most active glaciers in the world are located in Alaska. The largest glacier in this state is called Malaspina, with a drainage area of 850 square miles.
[Edit this paragraph] V. Economy
From 65438 to 0999, Alaska's GDP was $26 billion, ranking 46th in the United States. The state's per capita income is $30,064, ranking 15 in the United States. The main agricultural product in Alaska is seafood. The manufacturing industry is underdeveloped, and most food and daily necessities depend on imports. The population is mainly employed by government agencies, as well as natural resource exploitation, shipbuilding, transportation and other industries. The state's main products are crude oil, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc, seafood processing, wood and wood products.
Every permanent resident or citizen of Alaska can get a bonus, which is unique in the United States. Dividends come from the Alaska Permanent Fund, which is used for repeated investment. Dividends only account for a small part of the income. In 2003, the Alaska Permanent Fund reached $25 billion. In 2000, the per capita dividend once reached about $2,000.
Alaska is one of the three states in the United States that have no state tax.
Alaska has the largest number of private jets in the United States. 1/3 people live in Anchorage, the largest city, which means Anchorage Port and Safe Harbor.
[Edit this paragraph] VI. politics
The 49th state of the United States, since Alaska first joined the territory of the United States, many residents want to establish a state here. However, since 19 12, the United States has not established a new state, and Congress was initially unwilling to pay attention to the demands of residents in this vast and sparsely populated territory. But Alaskans never gave up. Finally, on June 30th, 1958, Congress passed Alaska's statehood bill. 1959 65438+1On October 3rd, Alaska officially became the 49th state in the United States. The Alaska Constitution drafted by elected members and passed by voters came into effect at the same time.
Elections for the governor and lieutenant governor of Alaska are held every four years. The governor of Alaska has the right to appoint ministers and other officials of 14 departments in the state and is recognized as one of the most powerful governors in the country. Alaska's legislature consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, including 40 members of the House of Representatives with a two-year term and 20 senators with a four-year term. Parliament meets in Juno every year to adopt the national budget and enact new laws. The local governments in Alaska are mainly cities and districts, and districts are similar to counties in other states. Alaska is more special than other states because most of its land is not included in administrative divisions. At present, 13 county only includes one third of the state's land. Alaska has two national senators with a six-year term and one national representative with a two-year term.
[Edit this paragraph] VII. education
public university
University of Alaska: the largest public educational institution in Alaska.
University of Alaska in Anchorage
Fairbanks, University of Alaska at fairbanks
Southeast University of Alaska (located in Chica and Ketchiken)
private university
Alaska Pacific University
Sheldon Jackson College
Alaska Bible College
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[Edit this paragraph] 9. transport
airport
Anchorage International Airport (ANC)- Alaska Airlines Transit Center
ANC is one of the airports with the largest cargo throughput in the world, and it is the air crossroads of the world.
highway
The highway system number in Alaska is different from that in the United States. At present, there are four numbered articles, from A- 1 to A-4.
railway
Alaska Railway is a veritable sightseeing railway with beautiful scenery along the coast. Volume also plays an important role in cargo transportation.
Alaska Highway is the only land access to the outside world in this state. In coastal areas, Alaska sea highway is very important. This shipping system can transport many passengers to and from 28 towns in the state, as well as Washington State, British Columbia and Bellingham, Canada. The Alaska Railway connecting Seward and fairbanks is 470 miles long. In northern Alaska, snowmobiles and traditional dog sledding are the most common means of transportation in winter, while in rural areas with few roads and rugged terrain, all-terrain vehicles are also important means of transportation. The main ports are Holland Port and Kodiak.
Mainly introduce
A state in the United States, located in the northwest corner of North America, is the largest state in the United States, with an area of 1.5307 million square kilometers. It faces the sea, Bering Strait and Bering Sea in the west, and faces Siberia. Mount McKinley is the highest peak in the North American continent. The original inhabitants were Indians and Eskimos. It is said that they came here from the North Pole via the Bering Continental Bridge. At the end of 18, Russian fur traders established the 1 th European colony on Kodiak Island. Businessmen of Hudson's Bay Company are also interested in this area, and the trade competition between Russia and Canada continued until the19th century. 1867, Russia negotiated with Seward to sell Alaska to the United States. Later, the discovery of gold mines in this area prompted Americans to immigrate here. Alaska was established as a territory in 19 12, and formally joined the Federation in 1959, becoming the 49th state in the United States. The economy mainly depends on oil and natural gas. Since the operation of 1977 Pan-Alaska Oil Pipeline, it has become the crude oil producing area in the United States, second only to Texas. Juno, the capital. The population is about 627,000 (2000).
Alaska is the 49th state in the United States. 300 years ago, Americans bought Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. At that time, people didn't understand the use of this snowy place. However, it didn't take long to find a lot of gold and oil here, and more importantly, its strategic position.