Haier Bruner, a famous expert in the history of economic thought, believes that although human history is very long, economics is only 100 years old. His argument is that economists are born only for the needs of market economy. He believes that the arrangement of economic order in natural economy depends on hereditary system, the arrangement of economic order in planned economy depends on government, and only the arrangement of economic order in market economy needs economists. What he said is right. In China, for example, it was not because of the market economy that economics quickly became popular and became a prominent school. At the same time, so many economists have emerged and become one of the highest social classes. So some people joked that the market economy gave economics a job. However, I think this statement is not entirely correct. Can't we produce our own economists under the natural economy and planned economy system? In fact, the emergence of economics has a history of more than one hundred years. In the west, economics originated from Greek philosophy. The English word for economics is "economic", which refers to domestic management. But the "housekeeping" here is different from our current "housekeeping" because the "home" in ancient Greece refers to clans and families. Therefore, general economic historians believe that Plato and Aristotle are the ancestors of western economic analysis, and the economics mentioned by these two great philosophers is by no means pure economics or formal economics that some mainstream economists simply study "scarcity" and "resource allocation". From the beginning, these great sages were imbued with a strong spirit of humanistic care in economics, making economics a science that stresses morality and conscience. On the one hand, they analyzed the social economic interests, income, debt and functions of money, on the other hand, they also analyzed the difference between the rich and the poor in Greek society at that time, that is, class analysis. So many people think that the class theory was invented by Marx, who said that "bourgeois sociologists and economists had pointed out the existence of class struggle before him." In China, the earliest person who used the word "economy" was probably Tang Gaozu Li Yuan. In a proclamation in the first volume of Entrepreneurial Notes of the Tang Dynasty, he put forward the concept of "managing the country to help the world", which seems to be an extension of the word "economic", that is, managing Guo Bang to help the world. This shows that this is a word related to politics. Marx believed that the real ancestor of modern capitalist economics was Sir william petty of Britain (1623 ~ 1687). He is neither a scholar nor a businessman, but a doctor who treats people. However, he has a strong spirit of humanistic care. In his spare time, he studies and investigates social and economic phenomena and problems, and often puts forward some economic policy suggestions to British policymakers on major issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Moreover, he also believes that a new discipline should be established as soon as possible, which he calls "political arithmetic". "The so-called political arithmetic refers to the skill of using numbers to reason about government-related affairs ... This skill itself is undoubtedly ancient. ..... But Patty named it first, and put forward some rules and methods. This is the original naming and origin of modern economics. " (See Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis) To sum up, we find that economics, whether abroad or in China, has been closely linked with politics, the national economy and people's livelihood, government decision-making and other things since its origin. As the economist Mrs. joan robinson said in Introduction to Modern Economics: "The real economy is developed within the nation-state. Economic philosophy is always associated with patriotism. " At the same time, he further proposed: "Economics includes three aspects or plays three roles: power should understand how the economy works; Put forward suggestions for improvement to prove that the standards for measuring reform are justified; Determining what is desirable must involve moral and political judgment. Economics can never be a completely' pure' science without doping human values. " It can be seen that no matter what economics you are engaged in, it is actually Marx's "political economics". Political economics naturally serves national politics, effectively and reasonably manages the economy for the ruling group, and seeks economic interests. Therefore, an economist who stresses morality and conscience should serve the national policy with the economic principles he has mastered, and strive to seek and explore models and policies that are beneficial to the national economy and the people's livelihood and the rapid, stable and healthy development of the national economy, so as to provide the country with good economic decisions and countermeasures that are beneficial to the majority of the society, national security and social stability. But the problem is that economists are people first, then economists, and people are self-interested animals, so economists first pursue their own interests as human beings and maximize their own interests. Moreover, economists are not businessmen directly involved in production and operation, but can only choose to serve others and instinctively choose the buyer who can pay the highest price, or industrial groups or securities companies, or even the private official capital contribution structure of western countries. Therefore, the neo-liberal economist Friedman said in the article "Value Judgment in Economics": "Economists are not only economists, but also people, so their own values will undoubtedly affect their economics." In the United States where Friedman is located, it is common for economists to serve interest groups. Many economists in China are affected by this. They often collude with various interest groups and even institutions in developed countries in Europe and America to provide some economic policies and countermeasures that seem to serve the country and the whole nation. Otherwise, how can it lead to the discussion of "immoral economics" and the big exposure of the shady stock market? From this point of view, economics is absolutely "not a completely pure science", but a study of survival after the division of economists' greatest interests. Naturally, we can't believe those "economics" that serve ourselves and other interest groups under the label of "academics are the public instrument of the world", "serving the nation" and "serving the whole people"! The reform of state-owned enterprises is a long-standing problem not only in China, but also in the world. State-owned enterprises do bear a heavy burden, while private enterprises can often beat you with an "absolute surplus value rate" higher than that of state-owned enterprises. But beyond that, the most important thing is that state-owned enterprises lack the same fair competition mechanism and competitive environment as private enterprises. At a time when the contemporary capitalist economy is becoming more and more "transnational, collectivized and globalized", China cannot do without big state-owned enterprises! A country is not supported by a strong backbone state-owned enterprise. Can your comprehensive national strength be strong? It is with the help of the high monopoly function of powerful multinational enterprise groups that western countries try their best to crowd out, crush or even acquire and merge other competitors with their own strong financial strength and advantages. No matter how much it costs to exclude competitors and how long it takes, they have the ability to concentrate enough funds to wait patiently for the day when the other side disappears, and get back the original "competition exclusion cost" from consumers after the monopoly position is established, and reap monopoly profits. However, because you don't have a large-scale and powerful enterprise, you can only use a lot of investment of your own manpower and material resources to become a subcontracting factory for multinational companies, serve them, establish a monopoly position and grab high profits. For example, after Budweiser of the United States and Danone of France bought Sino-German and Oriental beer in Wuhan, the wholesale price of beer in Wuhan market actually increased by more than four times. In this way, western multinational companies "made a fortune" in China, and then leapfrogged national industries in China. Some of our economists believe that the only way to solve China's state-owned enterprises is "restructuring and transformation", "smashing the three railways" and "bankruptcy", which will lead to the loss and privatization of a large number of state-owned assets, rather than seeking reform on internal factors such as the cost of state-owned enterprises and environmental policies. For example, the current tax system seriously violates the principle of fairness and justice in Chinese and foreign tax theories, that is, the principle that the tax rate or tax amount should be adapted to the taxpayer's economic ability. Many state-owned enterprises are overwhelmed by the complex high tax rate implemented by imitating the western tax reform. Now, if enterprises pay taxes according to the tax quota stipulated by the state, they will all lose money and go bankrupt. All kinds of miscellaneous taxes add up to 30% or even 40% tax rate, plus 10% loan interest. Which enterprise can stand it? This means that nearly half of a company's total investment will be used to pay taxes and interest. Now which enterprise can earn so much money for every 100 yuan invested? This complicated taxation method provides a lot of loopholes for tax evasion. As scholar He Xin said, "According to my investigation and observation, I dare say that 90% of private enterprises in China are evading taxes. He can't live without tax evasion! However, it is more difficult for state-owned enterprises to evade taxes. Why? State-owned enterprises evade taxes, and the money will not fall on the leaders themselves. Those who are found out will have to go to jail. Therefore, the heavy tax burden must mainly fall on the shoulders of state-owned enterprises. Can state-owned enterprises not collapse? Now it seems that it is also a plan to destroy Chinese enterprises to suggest that we change taxes according to the American-style western-style tax system model. " Therefore, he added: "Many enterprises in China mainly rely on loans instead of profits to maintain their operations, while the state supports economic growth through expansionary fiscal and monetary policies." Money shortage is the most prominent problem in China at present. This is because China's capital market is now in deep trouble: on the one hand, there is excess capital, and the rich in some cities have high deposits, so banks can't lend more money; On the other hand, capital is scarce, which is manifested in the difficulty of enterprise mobility, the poverty of many lower-class people and the shortage of government financial funds. Therefore, some economists use the financial capital consciousness of Britain and the United States to design operational plans and guide China to follow the example of Americans and the International Monetary Fund. In the 1990s, the best way to make money was not trade and enterprises, but to obtain capital directly through the capital market, that is, to collect money directly, calling for the vigorous development of the stock market. However, "the stock market is a virtual economy, bigger than all bubbles." The more prosperous, the more the real economy shrinks "(He Xinyu). Because you invested 1 10,000 yuan in the stock market, you earned 300,000 yuan two months later, and 30-L = 290,000 yuan. Where did this 290 thousand yuan come from? The stock market is not a printing machine, nor is it engaged in industrial production. Will this 290,000 yuan fall from the sky? No, what you earn is the money of those who are trapped. It is you who "received" the money that everyone dispersed with 1 0,000 yuan. You earned 290,000 yuan and bought a villa with joy, but those who wanted to go out to shear wool did not expect their heads to be shaved, but they jumped off the building in desperation. Therefore, the stock market itself is a kind of unproductive economy, which cannot create any wealth for the national economy, but only redistributes the existing wealth and resources of society, and the fundamental mechanism of this redistribution is "distribution according to capital". Its rules of the game are that whoever has the most capital has the opportunity to become a big banker. The purpose of big bookmakers is to rely on their own capital, information and technical advantages to spread some information, make some graphics and publish some stock reviews through tossing and turning, and easily "fool" all of you. During this period, economists bought by interest groups often collude with big bookmakers, build clear paths, hide their secrets, issue announcements, fabricate technical figures, and frame you. When everyone is "set", they will go to the big banker to get the "red envelope". However, the big bookmakers don't use the money from the stock market to engage in industry and revitalize the national economy, but only seek to "use Qian Shengqian" to carry out financial raids and plunder. Economist analysis: "Use money to hook money and hook the money of poor retail investors. The hooked money does not need to be invested in the industrial field. As a result, there has been a' money shortage' in the domestic capital market, that is, deflation, and money is getting less and less. Where did it go? It was fished away by big players in the stock market like fishing. In this way, "the amount of capital used for social industrial investment in society is getting less and less, and the state has less and less money, so the state has to issue a large number of additional treasury bonds" (see He Xin's book "New State and Socialist Economic Outlook"). Therefore, the folk song said: "I wanted to speculate in stocks, but I didn't expect to become a stockholder; Want to speculate in real estate, but I didn't expect to become a landlord; I want to be a honey, but I didn't expect to be a husband; I wanted to treat the disease for free, but I didn't expect to get into evil deeds. "The stock market has become a huge machine that devours money. With the continuous operation of this machine, the capital originally invested in socially effective fields falls into the hands of a few financial institutions or individuals with huge capital, resulting in extremely uneven distribution between the rich and the poor. It is a huge economic black hole, which is much deeper than customs smuggling and tax evasion. The state-owned assets disappeared from this black hole, and the state-owned and private assets swallowed up by big bankers and financial tycoons are not millions or tens of millions, but hundreds of millions. Cheng embezzled 40 million yuan and was shot, but in this stock market, the rich who plundered hundreds of millions a year flaunted the market openly without paying any taxes. What's more, if this big banker comes from abroad, if he takes away the huge amount of money he earned on a large scale, it will form a financial crisis. The two financial crises in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia were caused in this way. Therefore, some people say that it is not necessary to use guns and weapons to fight a world war, but to "win without a fight" by fixing the exchange rate, playing with stocks and playing with financial derivatives. He Xin said: "Since the 1990s, a striking new phenomenon in the world economy is that the economic status of the United States and Britain, which play financial tricks, has risen, while the status of Japan, Germany, France and Italy, which rely on traditional manufacturing, has declined. This fact shows that financial assault and plunder have become the new main forms of capital agglomeration. Financial competition transcends industrial competition and commercial competition. This is also the true meaning of the so-called "new economy" and "knowledge economy" advocated by the United States. "The problem is that the prosperity of the stock market will bring a vicious circle to our society. Insufficient investment, sluggish industry and bad economic situation. If the economic situation is not good, people can't find other good investment methods, so they have to go to stocks, and the stock market will be extremely prosperous. Therefore, in the overall economic downturn, the abnormal prosperity of the stock market economy is like opium for a country, which will drain its strong body more and more. From here we can see the power of economics. Therefore, Keynes pointed out in the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money: "The biggest threat to society is not the economic vested interests, but the wrong economic thinking. He said: "The power of economic thought, whether correct or not, is often unexpected. In fact, it is only these thoughts that rule the world. Many doers think that they are not influenced by any theory, and often just become a dead economist and an unconscious slave to the worst theory. "Especially those economists who provide economic decision-making services for the government within the system, once" this pocket contains the money of the producers' party and the other pocket contains the money of the capitalists "(Dr. Zuo Dapei's" Economics should also fight corruption ") is even more terrible! Because their "policy suggestions are powerful, especially when they are bad ideas" (a western critic said). In this way, economics has become the "vulgar economics" criticized by Marx in Das Kapital. Those economists, "they are always just students, blind followers and imitators, and they are small traders who retail foreign goods from big foreign firms" (see the postscript to the second edition of the first volume of Das Kapital). Back to the catalog