Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize was founded in 191, based on the will of alfred bernhard nobel (1833.1.21-1896.12.1), a famous Swedish chemist and inventor of nitroglycerin explosives, and part of his legacy was used as a fund. Nobel prizes include gold medals, certificates and bonus checks.
Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Nobel devoted himself to the research of explosives all his life, and was known as the "king of explosives" for inventing nitroglycerin detonators, nitroglycerin solid explosives and colloidal explosives. He is not only engaged in theoretical research, but also engaged in industrial practice. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions in his life, and opened about 1 companies and factories in 2 countries on five continents, such as Europe and America, and accumulated huge wealth.
On December 1th, 1896, Nobel died in San Remo, Italy. One year before his death, he made an order to use most of his legacy (about 9.2 million dollars) as a fund, divide the annual interest into five parts, and set up five kinds of prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and peace, which will be awarded to people who have made great contributions to mankind in these fields all over the world. Accordingly, in June 19, the Swedish government approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and the Swedish Parliament adopted the Charter for Awarding Nobel Prize, and the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time on December 1, 191, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death the following year. Since then, except for the interruption in wartime, grand awards ceremonies have been held in Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway, on this day every year. In 199, Klaus Nobel, a great grandnephew of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Earth Prize to the winners of outstanding environmental achievements. The prize was first awarded on June 5th, 1991, when World Environment Day was in China. Nobel will
In p>1968, on the occasion of the 3th anniversary of CCB, the Central Bank of Sweden added the Nobel Prize for Economic Science (called "Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize for Economic Science by the Central Bank of Sweden", also called "Nobel Prize for Economic Science") to those who have made great contributions in the field of economic science research. This award was awarded in 1969 together with five other awards.
In p>199, Klaus Nobel, a great grandnephew of Nobel, proposed to add the Nobel Prize for the Earth, which was awarded to people all over the world who made great contributions to environmental protection. Known as the Green Nobel Prize, the "United Nations-Earth is One" award was first awarded by the "Earth is One" Association under the sponsorship of the United Nations on June 5, 1991, when World Environment Day was in China.
The Nobel Prize includes gold medals, certificates and bonus checks. Among them, the amount of bonuses depends on the income of the foundation. The face value of bonuses has increased year by year due to inflation, initially about 3, US dollars, about 75, US dollars in the 196s, about 22, US dollars in the 198s and about 1 million US dollars in the 199s. In 21, the amount of each Nobel Prize was 1 million Swedish kronor (about 95, US dollars). In 25, the amount of each Bell Prize was 1 million Swedish kronor (about 1.3 million US dollars). How much is the Nobel legacy?
The gold medal weighs about half a pound, contains 23K of gold, has a diameter of about 6.5cm, and has a relief image of Nobel on the front. Different awards and medals have different back decorations. The design of each award certificate also has its own style. The award ceremony is grand and simple, and the number of people attending is limited to 1,5 to 1,8 each year. Men should wear tuxedos or national costumes, and women should wear serious evening dresses. The flowers used in the ceremony are flown from all over the world to show their respect for knowledge.
Since the Nobel Prize was awarded in 191, * * six Chinese have won the Nobel Prize in Science, namely Li Zhengdao, Yang Zhenning, Ding Zhaozhong, Li Yuanzhe, Chu Xiwen and Cui Qi. > > >
according to the nobel will, in the whole process of selection, the winners are not influenced by any nationality, nationality, ideology or religion, and the only criterion for selection is the size of achievements. However, it has also been pointed out that the Nobel Prize, especially the Peace Prize, is sometimes influenced by political and other factors in the selection process.
The whole process of Nobel Prize selection is confidential, and there is no reconsideration. When the final results are published, only the names and brief reasons of the winners are available. The relevant selection records and candidate materials shall not be disclosed to the outside world within 5 years. Even after this time limit, it is only available to professionals who study the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize awarding institutions have placed great emphasis on their strict independence. Even the Swedish and Norwegian governments cannot exert any influence on the selection results. The flaws of the Nobel Prize
On December 1th, 23, Alexei Abrikosov (left), the winner of the physics prize, accepted the award from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in the concert hall in the center of Stockholm, Sweden. Xinhua News Agency/AFP
According to the Nobel will, the physics prize and chemistry prize are assessed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the physiology or medicine prize by the Royal Swedish Karolinian Medical College, the literature prize by the Swedish Academy of Literature and the peace prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. In 1968, an economics prize was added, which was provided by the Swedish Central Bank and entrusted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for evaluation. The Swedish Academy of Literature, which is responsible for evaluating Nobel Prize in Literature, was first established in 1786. It is a national college aiming at maintaining and developing Swedish literature and writing. Eighteen lifelong academicians form the Nobel Prize in Literature Jury, and the annual Nobel Prize in Literature Prize winner is publicly announced on a Thursday in October every year. According to the ancient tradition, the number of academicians who quit the College of Literature will not be added, and new academicians will be added only after the death of the current academician. On October 11th, 25, Professor Knuts Ahnlund, an academician of the Swedish Academy of Literature and a judge of Nobel Prize in Literature, wrote an article in the Swedish Daily published on the same day, announcing his withdrawal from the Swedish Academy of Literature, because he was dissatisfied with the selection of Austrian woman writer elfriede jelinek as the winner of Nobel Prize in Literature by the literature prize jury in 24.
Each awarding unit of the Nobel Prize has a committee composed of five people to be responsible for the selection, which is held once every three years. The selection process and principle are:
-the first step in the selection process is to recommend candidates. The recommenders must have certain qualifications. They must be: former Nobel Prize winners, members of the Nobel Prize Jury, specially appointed university professors, invited professors of the Nobel Prize Jury, presidents of representative writers' associations (literary awards), members of some international conferences and organizations (peace prizes), members of national parliaments and cabinet members (peace prizes). No one can recommend himself as the winner. The Swedish and Norwegian governments have no right to interfere in the selection of the Nobel Prize, and cannot express their support or opposition to the recommended candidates. The work of recommending candidates ends before February 1st every year, and the recommender submits the recommendation report to the relevant selection institution around September. After discussing the achievements of the candidates, the selection committee announced the selection results in mid-October. The evaluation of candidates by the Nobel Prize selection committees is conducted in secret.
24 Nobel Prize Presentation Ceremony > > >
—— candidates recommended by various Nobel Prizes from September to January 31st of the following year. Usually, 1,-2, candidates are recommended every year.
—— From February 1st, the Nobel Prize jury will screen and examine the recommended candidates, and the work will be kept strictly confidential. By September, the winners in various fields have been basically determined, and then the jury will hold a general meeting to formally decide.
—— In the second week of October, the winners of this year's Nobel Prize are selected. When the election results are announced, notify the winners immediately.
-December 1th is the anniversary of Nobel's death. On this day, the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm and Oslo respectively. In Sweden, the king awards prizes to the winners.
What is the significance of the Nobel Prize for China?
According to statistics, the first scientist in a country won the Nobel Prize 3 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It's been 5 years since China was founded. Why didn't a local scientist in China wear this scientific crown?
In p>1999, four academicians, Wu Guoguang, Chen Jiaer, Yang Fujia and Zhu Qingshi, put forward that "China needs the Nobel Prize", followed by economist He Liancheng. Nowadays, "China needs the Nobel Prize" has become the unanimous voice of China people.
How significant is the Nobel Prize to scientists in China? Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that for China scientists, the significance of winning the prize lies in encouraging them to make original innovations in basic research. The Nobel Prize has an important influence on mankind, and in these respects, China scientists should also make due contributions.
Academician Zhao Zhongxian emphasized that the Nobel Prize is not the only scientific standard and cannot be regarded as the only goal of scientific research. Because a lot of work-exploring the laws of the universe-is bound to carry out scientific research, but not all research results will win the Nobel Prize. Winning a prize is not the purpose of a scientist to engage in scientific research. It is wrong to think that you can't engage in scientific research without a Nobel Prize.
■ Why didn't China scientists win the "Nobel Prize"
Wang Yusheng, curator of China Science and Technology Museum and an expert in science history, said that the research of China scientists with Nobel Prize level can even be traced back to before the founding of the People's Republic of China. The most important scientific research achievements are the Compton-Wu Youxun effect in the 192s, the early experiment of electron-positron annihilation in Zhao Zhongyao in the 193s, the discovery of uranium trinucleation by Qian Sanqiang and He Zehui in the 194s, and the first artificial synthesis of insulin crystals in 1965.
There is no denying that China missed the Nobel Prize many times. Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that from the perspective of the history of science and technology, there is a reason why China didn't win the Nobel Prize. In 191, the first Nobel Prize was awarded, and in 19, Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing. Since then, China has been in war and oppressed by foreign powers for half a century. Generally speaking, there has been no significant development in basic scientific research. After liberation, there has been great development in science and technology, but it was closed before the reform. For our country, there are many problems, such as economy, science and national defense. At this time, the main scientific and technological achievement is the research of "two bombs and one hydrogen", and a large number of outstanding scientists are concentrated in this field. A lot of work has also been done in basic research. For example, in 1965, insulin crystals were synthesized artificially for the first time, but after all, there were few. After the reform, the policy of "science and technology are the primary productive forces" was put forward, especially in recent years, the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" was put forward, which played a great role in promoting the development of science.
Academician Zhao Zhongxian believes that there are many reasons for not winning the Nobel Prize after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Objectively speaking, during the ten-year "Cultural Revolution", international science and technology developed at a high speed, and we caused serious damage to basic research, which requires a long time to recover and accumulate; Subjectively speaking, our original innovative basic research is relatively few, and at the beginning of the reform, we did not emphasize enough on the original innovative technology.
■ What does the history of science and technology in China give people?
Professor Yang Zhenning said that the Nobel Prize is a very complicated matter. I don't think the methods and achievements of Nobel Prize in Literature Committee's selection are correct. No one in Chinese mainland has won the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry and medicine. The reason is very simple. The first is that there is not enough funds. Today, no matter doing biological, physical or chemical research, equipment is very expensive. China is coming up gradually now, but it is far from the best equipment in advanced countries. The second reason is that academics should have traditions. The most important point of academic tradition is that it can make young people know which problem is worth doing and which problem is easy to have development prospects. China's scientific tradition can't develop for a while, which I think is the most important thing. Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that the academic accumulation and tradition of a laboratory and research institute are very important. We should pay attention to accumulation, carry forward traditions and constantly cultivate the younger generation. In the 192s, Sommerfeld didn't win the Nobel Prize in physics, but seven students in Sommerfeld's laboratory won the prize. This is because the academic tradition of Sommerfeld's laboratory has influenced the next generation. I think it has been achieved in both accumulation and tradition. With the continuous development of young people, more major original innovative technologies will emerge, and it is natural for someone to win the prize.
■ What is the reason for the gap between China's science and technology and the international level?
According to the statistics in 1996, China's R&D expenditure only accounts for .5% of GNP. Compared with developed countries (2.45% in the United States and 2.9% in Japan), it is not only low in proportion but also small in absolute quantity, even less per capita, even worse than that of developing countries like India. This is undoubtedly a major factor that seriously restricts the development of science and technology in China.
When talking about the reasons for the gap, Professor Zhao Hong, a famous scientist in China, thinks that there are four points: First, the accumulation of scientific knowledge is not enough; Second, there is not enough time for scientific research; Third, there is a lack of scientific community; Fourth, there is a lack of scientific talent identification and selection mechanism.
Yang Zhenning believes that the main reason that restricts the development of science and technology in China is the economic backwardness. However, he is gradually optimistic, and he thinks that the conditions for China scientists to win the Nobel Prize are ripe. He said, two years ago, that is, before China substantially increased the salaries of scientists, I studied the annual salaries of full professors in 1 best universities, and the average per capita was less than $2,. In the past two years, I have seen that the government has given them a lot. If this continues, I think China people can do a lot of work that can win the Nobel Prize.
There is a gap between China's science and technology and the international level, which is probably 3 years old. After the rise of modern science, China fell behind, and 7 years ago, China's scientific and technological development was always at the forefront in the world. Is the reason for the prosperity and decline of science and technology in China only economic?
When talking about the history of technology in China, Academician Zhao Zhongxian said: "Culturally, I think Confucian culture resisted the development of modern science and technology. Although Confucian culture also has its essence, it is advanced in cultivating people's self-cultivation, dealing with others, and cultivating self-cultivation. On the whole, this cultural mechanism is not conducive to cultivating unconventional scientific and technological talents. "
■ What conditions should China scientists have to win the Nobel Prize?
Professor Badin has won the Nobel Prize twice in the same field. When he visited the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, he talked about this issue half jokingly. He talked about three conditions for winning the Nobel Prize: the first is hard work; The second is opportunity; The third is the spirit of cooperation.
Academician Zhao Zhongxian said that these aspects are very important for scientists in China. By "hard work", he means not only diligence, but also choosing the right direction and devoting himself wholeheartedly, so as to make original innovation achievements. The "opportunity" he said also includes whether the selected work is meaningful or not. Although some work is done beautifully, it is not necessarily meaningful and it is impossible to win the prize. What he calls "the spirit of cooperation" is also the spirit of collectivism that we often talk about.
characteristics of China people.