Born in Scotland,/kloc-moved to the United States with his family at the age of 0/2. People rated him as an "arrogant, impulsive, enthusiastic, loyal and shrewd idealist". He started as a spindle worker with a weekly salary of only $65,438 +0.2. 16 years old, he became a telegraph operator on the Pennsylvania Railway and stayed there for 12 years. Since then, he has invested all his assets to provide consulting for Kastone Bridge Engineering Company, and he has the foresight to see that the steel bridge industry has unlimited prospects. So he began to devote himself to the steel production industry and became the steel king of the United States. Later, he also bought an oil company, a railway and a large number of steamboats. 190 1 year, he sold his Carnegie steel company for $250 million. At this time, Carnegie Steel Company produced 25% of the total steel sales in the United States. The key points in different periods are different or prominent in turn. Carnegie Foundation 1925 started the adult education program, mainly targeting new immigrants, blacks and prisoners; In the 1950s, in view of the rapid popularization of university education at that time, the focus was on improving the quality, starting from the university and then expanding to primary and secondary education, and comprehensively managing the whole education. This initiative was cooperated by James Perkins, a famous educator who later became the president of Cornell University. It lasted for 9 years and achieved fruitful results. In the 1960s, the focus shifted to "removing obstacles to equal opportunities", and a large amount of funds was provided for the education of the poor, accounting for 65,438+0.4 of the total in 1964.

One of the tasks of universal education is to popularize advanced teaching methods. As early as 1920s, Carnegie Foundation took the lead in promoting the application of broadcasting teaching method, which was still in the forefront at that time. In the late 1960s, a children's TV studio was established in cooperation with the Ford Foundation, mainly for the entertainment and education of poor children. The well-known "Sesame Street" puppet show is one of the products of this studio. Anyone who has watched TV in the United States knows that among all kinds of channels, there is a public education channel, which is the only channel that broadcasts educational and high-level programs without commercial advertisements. Now it has become one of the most highly praised channels among American TV viewers. Its source is also related to the Carnegie Foundation. In 1960s, the Foundation helped the states to set up two organizations, one is the state education committee, and the other is the television education committee. The former studied the urgent problems in education at that time, put forward reform suggestions and achieved important practical results. The latter directly inspired the Johnson administration to propose to Congress to establish the National Education Radio and Television Group Corporation, which is now the Public Education Station.

Subsequently, Carnegie Group allocated $654.38 million+00,000 to the Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching to establish a national organization to study higher education. Hosted by clark kerr, a famous educator and former president of the University of California, the organization produced 23 important reports and special studies in 654.38+05, which is the most extensive, analytical, objective and in-depth information on American higher education so far. Members of this group often testify in Congress, which has affected the federal government's education expenditure of billions of dollars, and led the government to set up the basic education opportunity allowance project and the post-secondary education improvement fund. This is a typical example of the cooperation between the foundation and the government or the influence of government policies on education. Carnegie Foundation, like Rockefeller Foundation, made many donations to black education before the foundation was established in the early 20th century, and established the United Black College Fund. It has been strongly supporting two famous black vocational schools: Taskey Gee and Hampton College. Some unique initiatives of the Foundation in this regard are the establishment of experimental middle schools in Harlem, new york and Chicago slums to accept dropouts; Set up non-medical doctor training courses in colleges and universities to solve the problem of medical treatment for poor people in urban and rural areas; Adult education programs have been set up for blacks and others. Most of these programs are actually aimed at black people.

A particularly significant idea of the Carnegie Foundation on the issue of black people is to entrust Gunnar Milda, a Swedish sociologist, with a special study on black people in the United States from 1938, not only because the issue itself is very important, but also to provide a foundation for the Foundation's future work in this field. This work was very successful, and his monograph was published in 1944, entitled "America's Dilemma-Black Issues and Modern Democracy". As a European, Milda can be detached and objective. This masterpiece, with 45 chapters, attachments and notes *** 1483 pages, is still a classic work on African-American issues. Perhaps inspired by this research, the Foundation set up a special subject in the University of Louisville in the 1940s and 1950s to train police officers who are good at dealing with racial issues, and set up a community law firm to provide legal aid to slum residents and solve litigation problems related to their immediate interests. In the 1960s, it established a medical assistance program for the black community in new york. 1963 made a series of donations to improve black higher education, * * * 1.5 million dollars.