Huang Zongxi (16l0- 1695), whose real name is Taichong, was named Nanlei. Scholars call him Mr. Li Zhou, who is from Huangzhupu, Wei Ming Town, Yuyao, Ningbo. Father was honored as a celebrity in Lindong, and was framed by Wei Zhongxian. He was ordered to learn from Liu. Nineteen-year-olds all complained of grievances and shot the enemy with iron cones. He led the members of "Fu She" to persist in the struggle against eunuchs and dignitaries, and was killed several times. When the Qing soldiers went south, he recruited volunteers and set up the "Shizhong Camp" to carry out armed resistance, and was appointed as the left deputy capital suggestion by King Lu. After the death of Ming Chengzu, he wrote in seclusion and refused to be recruited by the Qing court many times. He, together with Sun Qifeng and Li Yong, are called the three great Confucians. He is extremely knowledgeable, with astronomy in the world, arithmetic in the world, music in the world, hundreds of classics in the world and books on Buddhism and Taoism in the world. He has made great achievements in history. The case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty opened the atmosphere of historical research in eastern Zhejiang. Philosophically, he opposed Zhu Ru's theory that "reason precedes qi" and thought that "reason" was not an entity, but only the order and order in "qi". However, it is pantheism to think that "temperament and human heart are completely popular, and public things are also" and that "the world is full of hearts". It is believed that the word "knowledge" for "conscience" is the word "action", and it is opposed to "measuring imagination, seeking noumenon, and building a family only in knowledge and ideological conscience". It exposes the crime that the monarch owns a private property in the world, and makes a bold conclusion that "the monarch is only a great harm to the world". It is believed that "what the son of heaven does is not necessarily right, and what the son of heaven does is not necessarily wrong", and it is affirmed that "the chaos in the world is not the rise and fall of a surname, but the sorrow and joy of all people." Advocate the reform of land and tax system. Oppose the traditional view that agriculture is the foundation of industry and commerce, and emphasize that industry and commerce are the foundation. This view of political history was of progressive significance at that time. In literature, it is emphasized that poetry must reflect reality and express true feelings. He is the author of Song and Yuan Studies, Ming Confucianism, To Be Visited in Ming Yi, Collected Works of Nan Lei, etc.
1668, Huang Zongxi gave lectures at Baiyun Zhuang Witness College at the invitation of Ningbo scholars, Chen Tongliang and Chen. During this period, with the help of Fan Qin's great-grandson Fan, he broke through Fan's strict family rules and became the first physicist to study in Tianyi Pavilion. He not only contacted all the books of Tianyi Pavilion, but also sorted out the bibliography of Tianyi Pavilion and the library secretary of Tianyi Pavilion.
As the originator of East Zhejiang historiography, Huang Zongxi's academic feature is that he is outside the framework of Confucian classics and is pure Neo-Confucianism. He advocated taking the Six Classics as the root, discussing history with history, learning from history, reaching the ancient and modern, and applying the world to practice, which opened up a new realm of historical research.
Huang Zongxi pursued justice all his life and was full of optimism. He said in the poem Shan Jutu:
Feng Feng went to prison several times, but he still didn't waste my string songs.
I don't want to lose my heart until I die. What can I do if I am poor?
20 two pieces of cotton are packed in broken quilts, and three pieces of pine are boiled empty;
A winter is also an open place, so it is impossible for people to ask more questions.
There are many anecdotes about Huang Zongxi's life, which are widely spread among the people.
During the Tianhou Palace in the late Ming Dynasty, eunuch Wei Zhongxian monopolized state affairs and excluded dissidents. A group of honest officials were arrested and killed, which successively led to the tragedies of "six gentlemen" and "seven gentlemen" that shocked China and foreign countries. Huang Zongxi's father, Huang Zunsu, was one of the "seven gentlemen" who were killed unjustly. Seeing that his father was killed, Huang Zongxi went to school out of national superiority and family feud. Before the Ming Dynasty, the history of the 21st century and the contention of a hundred schools of thought were well known. /kloc-at the age of 0/9, I heard that Chongzhen succeeded to the throne. He bid farewell to his hometown and went to Beijing alone to rehabilitate his grievances.
At this time, the court was very angry with the civilians and had brought Wei Yan to justice. Huang Zongxi went to the imperial court and asked to investigate the rebellion in Dang Wei. So the court ordered the punishments to investigate Xu Xianchun and Shili.
On this day, the main entrance of the hall of punishments was wide open to interrogate Xu Xianchun and Shi Li, and thousands of people attended, including Huang Zongxi. However, because Xu Xianchun was the nephew of Emperor Xiaozong, the punishment was very weak. In the face of conclusive evidence, Xu Xianchun is still very cunning. Seeing this, Huang Zongxi shouted, "Anti-Party! You killed my father, and you dare to argue! " He pulled an iron cone out of the smoke and stabbed Xu Xianchun, saying, "I think you'd better be realistic and stop talking!" There was blood all over the tip of the cone, which made Xu Xianchun kneel and kowtow: "I am willing to confess! Willing to recruit! " However, after Xu Xianchun wrote the indictment, he remained fearless. He said to the Ministry of Punishment: "Although Xiaguan opposed the Party and falsely harmed his colleagues, he deserved it. However, Xiaguan is the nephew of Emperor Xiaozong and a relative of the emperor and the country. The imperial court once had clear laws and should be exempted from punishment. " Seeing this, the officials of punishments just faltered and could not speak.
Seeing this, Huang Zongxi complained to the punishments: "He colluded with Wei Inverse and became a close friend. He lost all his conscience, and Manchu loyalty was exhausted. It is really full of evil. Plough has a long history and should be discussed with Dang Wei. It has long been said that the law is not expensive, let alone consorts. Adults should eliminate rape for their country. If the tiger is left behind, how can the people agree? The consequences are unimaginable! "
See punishments Huang Zongxi impassioned, every sentence is reasonable; Seeing that all the students and people were angry, they also got up the courage and sentenced Xu Xianchun and Shi Li to death together.
Late that night, Huang Zongxi was reading under the lamp, only to hear a knock at the door. He opened the door and saw a man flash in like a ghost. He said to Huang Zongxi, "I am your father's former colleague and friend of Shi Li." His family asked me to bring you three thousand dollars to make up for hurting your father by mistake that day. I just hope you will stop investigating Li's crimes. "Say, bring the gold.
Huang Zongxi pushed the gold and said, "Can this 3.2 thousand gold buy ghosts?" Can I buy Guotai Min 'an? Shi Li culpable of punishment, if you want to get away with it, no way! Please. "Immediately push the man out of the door with gold. Then, he wrote a letter about that night and exposed Shi Li's bribery to the court. The court allowed the broadcast and ordered the punishment department to examine it and investigate the bribery crime in Shi Li. In the lobby, I was just about to argue when I saw Huang pull out a sharp cone from his sleeve and shouted in horror, "Yes! Willing to recruit! "
On the day of the two beheadings, Huang Zongxi, together with the children of the murdered officials, set up a prison gate to pay homage to the loyal soul. At that time, the air was filled with cigarettes and loud cries. Huang Zongxi called all the jailers together and understood the great significance. Then he asked, "Although you were ordered to do evil, you can't get away with it." As long as you tell me who killed Huang Zunsu, the rest will be spared! "
When the jailer asked, he pushed out two frightened jailers. Trembling: "Ye Zi and Yan Wenzhong killed Huang Zunsu with poison." The second prison rate quickly fell to the ground and shouted "spare my life!" When enemies meet, they are particularly jealous. Huang Zongxi shouted, "Evil thief! Can I spare you! " Pulled out a sharp cone and stabbed two jailers to death in prison to pay homage to ghosts and gods.
The next day, Emperor Yihuang Zongxi of Chongzhen went to the Golden Hall and said, "You are a promising young man, revenging your father, eliminating rape for your country, and making meritorious service for your country." Solitary seal you ... "
Before Emperor Chongzhen could say anything, Huang Zongxi put in a sentence and said, "What is the responsibility of a giant?" . Zong doesn't want to be an official, but he is willing to help him return to the south and be filial to his hometown. "
In this way, Huang Zongxi was not rewarded, and resolutely helped Dong return to Yuyao and buried his father's body in Hua 'an Mountain.
After Huang Zongxi resolutely returned to his hometown, he studied historical classics, practiced martial arts and cared about the national conditions. But bad news keeps coming from Beijing. It turned out that Ruan Dacheng, the leader of the Wei Party, bribed the imperial court for promotion with huge sums of money and exercised power in Nanjing. At this time, the Qing soldiers were outside the customs, at home and abroad. Huang Zongxi, together with 40 college students from Nanjing/Kloc-0, organized the "Guangfu Association" and drafted "Preventing Southern Chaos", criticizing Ruan Dacheng, which caused an uproar. Ruan Dacheng became angry from embarrassment and ordered the arrest of relevant personnel. Huang Zongxi and others were put in cages. At this time, the Ming Dynasty was dying and was finally destroyed by Li Zicheng. Wu Sangui, a traitor, bowed his head and bribed his soldiers to enter the customs. At that time, there was great fear. Ruan Dacheng, who wanted to harm Huang Zongxi and others, took advantage of the chaos to escape. Huang Zongxi escaped from the chaos and returned to eastern Zhejiang and his hometown.
As soon as Huang Zongxi returned to Yuyao, he heard that the Qing army had invaded Beijing and sent troops south, which would soon endanger eastern Zhejiang. Seeing the broken mountains and rivers, Huang Zongxi was worried. I remember my father was killed in the Ming Dynasty, I was imprisoned, and I hated it. However, after careful consideration, he finally put national affairs first and sold his property without hesitation, hoping to rebel against the Qing Dynasty. Others advised him: "The Ming Dynasty, which is so corrupt, has suffered enough, so why should it be protected?" Huang Zongxi replied: "Personal grievances are small, and the country's survival is great. Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the country, how can it not be guaranteed! " He personally recruited more than 500 celebrities from Yuyao, Shaoxing and other places, set up the banner of "Shizhong Camp", and jointly defended Qiantang River with officers and men, defending the descendants of Zhu in Shaoxing. He advised King Lu many times, and formulated the "Dali of the First Year of Lu Jianguo" and promulgated it in eastern Zhejiang. Later, because the Qing army was strong, it was outnumbered. Seeing that the tide had gone, Huang Zongxi was forced to move to Siming Mountain, set up a village as a camp, and stationed in Zhangxi Temple to make a long-term anti-Qing plan.
Huang Zongxi lives in Zhangxi Temple and studies and practices martial arts every day. One day, Huang Zongxi explored the terrain of Siming Mountain and strolled to the retreat temple not far from Zhangxi Temple.
The abbot of retreat is a Taoist, and he usually admires Huang Zongxi's character. Today, I saw Huang Zongxi's visit, warmly received and talked about the situation, which was very harmonious. It was already evening when I left. The abbot took out a yellow bag from the bedside table and handed it to Huang Zongxi. "This is a book left by our ancestors. Please keep it as a souvenir. "
Huang Zongxi took the baggage and said, "Thank you for your kindness. People are like water. I hope the master will give me a few words of truth. "
The abbot put his hands together and recited Amitabha, saying, "Fish is happy when it is near water, and trees are born when it is near soil;" Children are healthy around their mothers, and ministers are strong around their husbands. Please take care of yourself. "
Huang Zongxi returned to Zhangxi Temple, opened the bag and saw some books inside. I am very happy to record the geographical victory in the book. Considering the abbot's words, I think I was the suggestion of the left capital of the Ming Dynasty, and I should follow the King of Lu to resist the Qing Dynasty and protect the Ming Dynasty.
The next day, he gave the cabin to the minister, and then went into battle to see Lu Bao, the king of Zhoushan.
After several desperate struggles with the Qing soldiers, they were outnumbered and failed again and again; It was also said that his village of Simingshan was burned and his Ministry would be killed. Huang Zongxi knew that the tide was gone and there was no hope of seeing again. With a sigh, I went back to Yuyao, sheltered from the wind in Hua 'an Mountain and served my mother. He began his career of writing and lecturing, and wrote such historical masterpieces as An Interview with Confucianism in Ming Dynasty and Cases in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
After Huang Zongxi returned to his hometown, he concentrated on writing. He accepted the invitation of Ningbo scholars Wan Tai, Chen Tongliang and Chen Kui to give lectures in Ningbo. At first, he organized a "witness lecture" at his home in Wan Tai, and later moved to Yanqing Temple as a lecture venue. Because of Huang Zongxi's extensive lectures and unique views, more and more people come to listen to his lectures. So, he simply gave up his house next to the tomb and set up a "witness college". In addition to giving lectures in Ningbo, Huang Zongxi is often invited to give lectures in Shaoxing, Haining, Chongde, Yuyao and other places, and is known as a contemporary scholar.
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty heard Huang Zongxi's name, and twice called him to Beijing as Fu Ruguan, but Huang Zongxi refused. If you disobey the imperial edict, you will be beheaded. But in order to show his determination, Huang Zongxi built his own grave next to his father's grave and put a stone bed in it, determined to fight with death.
A few years later, Emperor Kangxi was preparing to compile the Ming history. He remembered Huang Zongxi again and thought he was the most suitable candidate. Then an imperial edict was issued asking Huang Zongxi to go to Beijing to preside over the Historical Bureau.
The imperial envoy arrived in Yuyao, and the news soon reached Hua 'an Mountain. When Huang Zongxi heard the news, he made a will and told his son Huang Baijia: "When the imperial envoy comes, he will present it. It is said that Huang Zongxi died and left a will here. " Then he took an umbrella in his hand and put his feet on Ma Xie, which means that he walked into the grave alone and lay on the stone bed, without holding his head to the days of the Qing Dynasty or rubbing his feet on the land of the Qing Dynasty.
The next day, an imperial envoy rang the gong to clear the way and came to Hua' an Mountain. Huang Baijia came out to see Dai Xiao and said to the imperial envoy, "My father died the day before yesterday. This is the surviving will." The imperial envoy took it and saw that it read: "The history of the Ming Dynasty has not changed, and the old wish has not been fulfilled. In the future, the court will open a history museum, and Wan He and the ancient philosophers can hold this position. " Although the imperial envoys know that there are differences and like to have Wan and Huang Baijia as substitutes, they can also reply to the imperial edict. So he took them to Beijing.
After the imperial envoy left, Huang Zongxi came out of the grave and concentrated on writing a book. Live to be eighty-six.
As a great master, Huang Zongxi enjoyed a long life and was famous in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. He is not only full of children and grandchildren, but also full of peaches and plums.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/688, Huang Zongxi was 79 years old and gave birth to his own coffin, which contained a stone bed and no coffin. His students were puzzled by such a simple funeral, so they asked, "Funeral is the destination of their lives. Since ancient times, they have been extremely particular about it. How can you change the coffin into a stone bed and the coffin into a stone cave? " Huang Zongxi replied, "There was a man named Zhao Qi in the Han Dynasty. Before he died, he asked his son to build a sand bed in the grave with bamboo mats on it. When he died, he was dressed in plain clothes, with loose hair and only a sheet on his body. He went to the grave that day and was buried that day. What he did was exactly what I wanted. Besides, my family and country have changed. Why do I have to go to so much trouble after I die? "
When Huang Zongxi was critically ill at the age of 86, he wrote the article "The Last Life of Pear Island". He told me that the morning after my death, I would carry it to the grave in a brown shed, and my usual clothes would be covered with a mattress, so I couldn't add funerary objects. The brown shed should be pulled out and all secular activities should be swept away; If someone with a deep friendship plants several plum blossoms in front of the grave, he should pay tribute. On his deathbed, he dictated the "last poem" and ordered his son to write it down:
It's been eight years since the tomb was built, and I'm glad my dream is here.
Don't teach kite ants to laugh, a skeleton is not self-taught.
Huang Baijia obeyed his father's will and kept only a few works beside the stone bed.
Before his death, Huang Zongxi hoped that future generations would move two ready-made stone pillars to his grave as sentry posts, and drew up a couplet: "Don't wait for princes, wait for the wind festival, write notes, and pass it on with Yu Xizhi." The last sentence uses the story of Yan Ziling, a native of Yuyao in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The next sentence uses the story of Jin Zhongning. The Book of Jin said, "I can't afford to ask more questions. When the court had something to do, he had to' just ask for a look'. The implication of these two stories is also a portrayal of Huang Zongxi's life.
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