The main difference between vertical scientific research and horizontal scientific research lies in the different objects and contents. Horizontal projects refer to enterprises' projects, while vertical projects refer to projects initiated by scientific research administrative units designated by governments at all levels on behalf of the government. Vertical projects include national projects, generally referring to projects assigned by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the National Social Science Foundation of China.

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