the types and sources of surnames. how many surnames have there been in China since ancient times? According to the report of Half-monthly Talk, "there are as many as 11,939 surnames of the Chinese nation". These surnames have a long history, are rich and colorful, and almost all of them have a history. They all contain a vivid and interesting story. To sum up, they are classified into the following dozen sources: (1) Taking country names as surnames. During the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, especially the Zhou Dynasty, vassal states, large and small, were all over China, and the royal families of many countries took country names as their surnames. (2) Taking the names of cities, pavilions and townships as surnames. A city refers to a fief, also called a food city, a land acquisition or a fief. It is a land that was sealed to Qing and doctors by governors during the slave society, including slaves working on the land. Villages and pavilions are all ancient administrative divisions. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were generally ten miles and one pavilion. There are about 12,5 households in each township, and ten pavilions are one township. (3) Take the place of residence as the surname. Generally speaking, people who have no land use this method, among which there are many compound surnames, most of which indicate the place of residence in different environments. (4) Taking the name or word of the ancestor as the surname. (5) Take the ancestral posthumous title as the surname. After the death of ancient emperors, governors and doctors, the titles added to praise and criticize good and evil according to their life behavior are called overflow names. (6) Taking the title of title as the surname. The title of title is the rank granted to the nobility by the monarchy. (7) Taking the ranking of relatives as the surname. (8) Taking the official position as the surname. (9) Taking skill as the surname. (1) Take virtue or what you have heard as your surname. (eleven) because of the given surname, taboo and change the surname. The given surname is the surname given by the son of heaven and the emperor to his subjects. Taboo means that you can't directly say or write the names of emperors or relatives. (12) Changing one's surname because of avoiding enmity and disaster. (13) the surnames of ethnic minorities and their changes. The original surnames of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Shi, Jie and other ethnic minorities in ancient north, west and northwest have been changed into single surnames after many ethnic integrations, and some of them have been integrated with the surnames of Han nationality. (14) Others. Fourth, Hundreds of surnames Qiansun Zhao Li Zhou Wu Zheng Wang Feng Chen Chu Wei Jiang Shen Han Yang Zhu Qin You Xu He Lv Shi Zhang Kong Cao Yanhua Jin Wei Tao Jiang Qi Xie Zou Yu Bai Shui Dou Zhang Yun Su Pan Ge Xi Fan Penglang Lu Weichang Ma Miaofeng Hua Fang Yu Ren Yuan Liu Zhen Bao Shi Tang Fei Lian Cen Xue Lei He Ni Tang Teng Yin Luo Bi Hao Wu An was always happy when Fu Pi Bian Qi Kang Wu Yu Yuan Bu Gu Mengping Huang and Mu Xiaoyin Yao Shaozhan Wang Qi Mao Yu Di Mi Bei Ming Zang Cheng Dai. On Song Mao Pang Xiong Ji Shu Qu Xiang Zhu Dong Liang Du Nguyen Lam Min Xi Ji Ma Qiang Jia Lu Lou Wei Jiang Tong Yan Guo Mei Sheng Lin Diao Zhong Xu Qiu Luo Gao Xia Cai Tian Fan Hu Ling Huo Yu Wan Zhi Ke Fan Guan Lu Mo Gan Jie Ying Zong Jing Fang Qiu Miao Ding Xuan Ben Deng Yu Dan Hang Hong Bao Zhu Zuo Shi Cui Ji Niu Gong Cheng Ji Xing Hua Pei Lu Rong Weng Xun Yang Yu Hui Zhen Qu Jia Feng Rui Chu Jin Ji Yi. Zhong Yi Gong Ning Qiu Luan Bao Gan Luo Li Rong Zu Wu Fu Liu Jing Zhan Shu Long Ye Xing Si Shao Li Ji Bo Yin Su Bai Huai Pu Tai from Hubei Suoxian Lai Zhuo Lin Tu Meng Chi Qiao gloomy Xu Neng Cang Shuang Wen Xin Dang Zhai Tan Gong Lao Pei Ji Shen Fu Blocking Ran Zai Li Yong Sang Gui Pu Niu Shou Tong Bian Hu Yan Ji. Quedong Ouhan Waliwei Yue Kui Long Shi Gong Ku Nie Chao Gou Ao Rong Leng Xin Kan Na Jian Rao Kong Zeng Mu Sha Yi Yang Ju Xu Feng Chao Guan Kuai After the investigation, Jinghong Youzhu Quan Gaiyi Huan Gong Wan Yong Sima Shangguan Ouyang Xiahou Zhuge blasted into the East Helian Huangfu Weichi Ram Dan Tai Gongye Zongzheng Puyang Chunyu Khan Taishu Shen Tu. "Hundred Family Names" was written in the early years of Song Dynasty, which is generally believed to be between the establishment of Zhao and Song Dynasties in 96 AD and the return of Wu Yue to Song Dynasty in 978. The author of Hundred Family Names is unknown. Wang Mingqing, a native of Southern Song Dynasty, thinks that it was written by Wang when Qian's family in Zhejiang Province had a state, and it is the work of an ordinary person in wuyue. Li Xu, a Ming Dynasty man, generally said that "it must be compiled by Song people". According to Wang Mingqing, Wang Xiang believed that it was "written by an old Confucian in Qiantang in the early Song Dynasty". Although Wang Xiang's statement is clearer than previous people's, he still fails to point out who is the author of Hundred Family Names, which may be a mystery that can never be solved. In the form of verse, Hundred Family Names arranged the common surnames in four words at that time, which was very neat. The order of arrangement is to put the important surnames first. For example, in the first sentence, "Qiansun Zhao Li", "Zhao" is the national surname of the Song Dynasty, "Qian" is the surname of the ruler of wuyue, "Sun", according to Wang Mingqing, refers to the princess of Qian, and "Li" is the surname of the ruler of the Tang Dynasty. The second sentence, "King Wu of Zhou Dynasty", is also a big family in wuyue, "all Wu Su (money) and his concubines". As a children's literacy textbook, the content of Hundred Family Names has no other meaning, just the arrangement of surnames. It is hoped that children can achieve the effect of literacy and enlightenment through surnames, which are things around people. There are 568 words in Hundred Surnames, including 444 single surnames, 6 compound surnames (12 words), and the last sentence is "Hundred Surnames End". This book was supplemented by later generations, but it basically kept the original appearance of Hundred Family Names. Hundred Surnames is a collection of surnames of the Han nationality in China, with four or five hundred surnames, four words and one sentence, which rhymes well. But why do these four or five hundred surnames insist on putting "Qiansun Zhao Li" first? Hundreds of Family Names was written by an old gentleman who was full of poetry books in Qiantang in the early Song Dynasty. The surname of the emperor in the Song Dynasty was Zhao, and the surname Zhao was the national surname. Qiantang River is under the jurisdiction of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. At that time, the prince who governed Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces was surnamed Qian, Sun was the surname of his princess, and Li was the surname of the late Tang Dynasty. So "Qiansun Zhao Li" became the first sentence. VI. Present Situation of Surnames in China According to a recent study supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the new order of "1 Surnames" in China has been freshly released. Li, Wang and Zhang are among the top three surnames. This investigation and research was conducted by Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and lasted for two years. The survey involved 111 counties and cities across the country, and the data of 296 million people were obtained, and * * * obtained 41 surnames. The survey results show that among the 4,1 surnames surveyed, Li, Wang and Zhang are the top three, accounting for 7.4%, 7.2% and 6.8% of China's total population respectively. According to China's total population of about 1.3 billion, there are 96 million people surnamed Li. 94 million people in wang xing; There are 88 million Zhang surnames, but the total population of the three surnames does not exceed 1 million; There are 18 surnames accounting for more than 1% of China's total population, and 129 surnames accounting for more than .1% of the population, and the population of these 129 surnames accounts for about 87% of China's total population. Yuan Yida pointed out in his research results that the surname Li in China has a long history. Since ancient times, there have been 12 regimes established by the surname Li as emperor. According to historical research, in the pre-Qin period, Li's activities began in Henan. The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of Li's surname. At present, the distribution of Li surname is mainly concentrated in Henan, Sichuan and Shandong, and Henan is the largest province of Li surname. China has collected more than 23, surnames. Hundred Family Names New Seats Li Wang Zhang Liu Chen Yang Huang Zhao Zhou Wu Xusun Zhu Mahu Guo Lin He Gao Liang Zheng Luo Song Xie Tang Han Cao Xu Deng Xiao Feng Zeng Cheng Cai Peng Pan Yuan Yu Dong Yu Su Ye Lv Wei Jiang Tian Du Ding Shen Jiang Fan Jiang Fu Zhong Lu Wang Dai Cui Ren Lu Liao Yao Fang Jin Qiu Xia Tan Wei Jia Zou Shi Xiong Meng Qin Yan Xue Hou Lei Bailong Duan Hao Kong Shao Shi Mao Changwan Gu Lai Wu Kang He Yan Yin Qian Shi Niu Honggong. Population of the top ten surnames Li: 96 million Wang: 94 million Zhang: 88 million Liu: 64 million Chen: 54 million Yang: 37 million Huang: 27 million Zhao: 26 million Zhou: 25 million Wu: 24 million In recent years, nearly 1 compound surnames have been added in China. The main source is that the public commonly use the surnames of father and mother, and * * * together form the surnames of children, thus adding a large number of compound surnames. For example, the cadre of a bureau in Shizhu was named Ye Luoyalan because his father's surname was Ye and his mother's surname was Luo. In addition, the main city also has the compound surnames of Luo Lin, Jin Huang and Lu Jiang.