The Rule of Gan Chun: Who was the most successful emperor in the Southern Song Dynasty? Song Xiaozong learned the lesson of Qin Gui's long-term tenure as prime minister, and formed a lesson of intertwined forces, which greatly shortened Zaiz's term of office. He is always on guard against the development of personal power and the formation of cronies. He also strictly abided by the "family law" that consorts did not interfere in politics, and successfully prevented the situation that Han Biaozhou and Jia Sidao were later taken over by consorts. In the internal relations of Zaizhi Group, he also tried to make participation in politics a force to contain the prime minister. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, the establishment of political participation system did play a role in dividing and weakening relative rights. In addition, the leaders discussed government affairs and said, "Is this contradictory?" In other words, even if they face each other, they will not retreat. Since Yuanfeng's reform, he has participated in the abolition of government without saying anything, and his position belongs to Zhongshu, Assistant Minister and Shangshu, and he has become an official of the Prime Minister. After the Southern Song Dynasty, although the position of participating in politics was restored, its status, power and role could not be compared with that when it was first established. In addition, Song Xiaozong also strengthened the supervision function to Taiwan Province's admonishers, and its main goal was to target the Zaizhi Group, especially the Prime Minister. First of all, he controlled the appointment and dismissal of Taiwan Province's admonisher in his own hands, and cut off the collusion between the prime minister and Taiwan Province's admonisher. Song Xiaozong was an outstanding politician in the Southern Song Dynasty. In his words, "fleas are diligent at night and have nothing to do with themselves every day." Thinking about the sun: Is there anyone here yet? " Then ask three or two things to think twice and be afraid of losing them. "So the day before his meditation was given to Guangzong, he was still personally appointing and dismissing officials. Through the observation of Song Xiaozong's governance, we can easily find that behind his busy schedule and hands-on work, there is a distrust of ministers and officials and a fear of being cheated. The fierce move was popular, and when Song Gaozong was still alive, he was wronged by Yue Fei. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (A.D. 1 162), at the beginning of Song Xiaozong's accession to the throne, under the banner of Song Gaozong, he issued an imperial edict: "Take back Yue Fei's former official position, rebury him with courtesy, visit him later and hire him later. "In that year 10, an official proclamation was issued, announcing the restoration of Yue Fei's treatment", "Shao Bao, Vu Thang appointed our army, the founding father of Wuchang County, with a food city of 6,100 and a food seal of 2,600". In the first year of Longxing (A.D. 1 163), Yue Fei's original farmland house was returned at the request of his family. In the fifth year of Xichun (A.D. 1 178), the son of Yue returned all the "imperial calligraphy" and "handwritten calligraphy" written by Yue Fei (Qin Gui copied them from Yue's family to frame Yue Fei). Militarily, Song Xiaozong held three large-scale military parades in five years, actively selected generals, and learned to ride horses and shoot. Therefore, the military strength of the Southern Song Dynasty was greatly improved. At that time, the political situation in the Southern Song Dynasty needed to continuously expand its military strength and recruit more soldiers in the mainland and border defense. In view of the huge cost of raising soldiers, Song Xiaozong boldly reformed the military system and promoted the volunteer system throughout the country, that is, "take one of the three soldiers in the national family as a volunteer, give him a crossbow and teach him how to fight, and gather together to teach him when there is a gap between farmers." "Compulsory military service is to combine soldiers with agriculture. Volunteers are neither divorced from production, nor neglect teaching and reading, which not only enhances military strength, but also reduces the financial burden of the country. At that time, there were 53,000 volunteers in Sichuan, saving 67 million yuan in financial expenditure every year compared with the same number of volunteers. The adoption of the volunteer system was also forced by the needs of the country at that time. On the one hand, the military strength is insufficient to resist foreign invasion; On the other hand, the domestic economy still needs to develop, the people are not rich and the financial pressure is great. So we can only use this "two-way policy" as a last resort. Song Xiaozong attaches great importance to the selection of military talents. Like the selection of civil servants, all localities are required to recommend generals, regardless of rank and number. Those who pass the martial arts examination must also be familiar with military and political affairs for seven years. The Privy Council has set up a roster of military generals for random inspection at any time. Song Xiaozong acceded to the throne the following year, gaiyuan Longxing. In April this year, Song Xiaozong instructed Zhang Jun to plan the Northern Expedition. In May, Zhang Jun sent Li Xianzhong from Haozhou (now Fengxiang County, Anhui Province) to cross the river. It successively recovered Lingbi, Hongxian and other places, and then captured Suzhou (now Suxian County, Anhui Province). Later, Xiao Zong appointed Li Xianzhong as the recruiting ambassador for Huainan, JD.COM and Hebei, and Shao Hongyuan as the agreement. 8 jin j left deputy marshal personally led the troops to attack, first repelled by Li Xianzhong, and then transferred troops to come. But at this time, Shao Hongyuan stayed put, trying to shake the morale of the army. Some generals who fought in the war ran away from the battle. Li Xianzhong alone, always difficult to support, had to take advantage of the night to leave Suzhou. 8 jin j return upon them, Song Jun defeat, countless casualties. After the failure of the Northern Expedition in the second year of Longxing (A.D. 1 164), in order to achieve the goal of "promoting peace through war", Jin Shizong sent troops south and successively captured Chuzhou, Haozhou, Chuzhou and other places, preparing to cross the river south. In this case, Song Xiaozong agreed to achieve peace through negotiations, and the two sides signed an agreement in 10 this year. This is the "Dragon Xingyi Harmony" in history. After the failure of the first Northern Expedition, Song Xiaozong wanted to make another Northern Expedition. In August of the fifth year of Dadao (A.D. 1 169), he was called into the DPRK and promoted to the right prime minister and a Tang dynasty, taking charge of military and political power. On the one hand, he actively prepared for the northern expedition in terms of financial resources, material resources and troops; On the other hand, he suggested sending an envoy to the State of Jin, demanding that some insulting clauses in the Longxing Peace Treaty be amended. One is to ask the rulers to return the mausoleum of the Song Emperor in Henan, and the other is to change the etiquette of the Song Emperor standing and accepting the credentials of the rulers. For Song Xiaozong, these two articles have always been regarded as a great shame in his heart. So, he immediately agreed to Yu's suggestion, and in May of Dalu six years (AD 1 170), he sent Fan Chengda to the State of Jin, proposing to return the land of Yuling and change the etiquette of accepting credentials. However, Jin Shizong flatly rejected Song Fang's request, and all the rulers were indignant at the destruction and negotiations in the Southern Song Dynasty. Although Fan Chengda argued with the Jin people and showed no fear, they failed in the end. To develop the economy, we must first reduce the burden on the people. Song Xiaozong has not only promulgated many decrees to lighten people's burden, but also paid attention to actual results. For example, from the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the land tax in this tax season was often collected in advance, which is the so-called "pre-reminder". Although the summer tax is stipulated to be paid in August and a half, the Ministry in charge of taxation stipulates that it should be sent to the capital Lin 'an before the end of July. When they arrived in Song Xiaozong, they had been sent to the Ministry of Housing in May or even April, and all localities had to collect them in March and April. At this time, the crops were not mature at all. Although the court banned them many times, the Ministry did not implement them. Because in April and May every year, we always rely on the advance payment of 6 1 10,000 to convert the money into expenses. If you don't advance, you will be "afraid of missing the deadline." In the fourth year of Xichun (A.D. 1 177), Song Xiaozong said: "Since the patient is illegal, the court should not deal with it, so you can safely ignore it. Therefore, political adviser Gong proposed to lend 600,000 yuan originally borrowed from Nanku in August every year to early April. " "The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development is useless, and the disadvantages of pre-warning can be prohibited." Song Xiaozong immediately issued a letter, after which land tax must be levied according to the stipulated time, and offenders will play illegally. The problem of pre-urging, which had been delayed for many years, was finally solved by Song Xiaozong's personal intervention, so that during this period, Song Xiaozong often urged local officials to build water conservancy projects, encouraged farmers to make the best use of them, and pointed out that "it will be rainy if water conservancy projects are not repaired" and paid attention to the actual effect of water conservancy projects. For example, in the second year of Xichun (A.D. 1 175), Xiaozong pointed out: "Yesterday, various roads were entrusted to build water conservancy projects to prepare for the severe drought, but this year's disaster did not benefit from irrigation. If it is not because of the construction cracks, it is inaccurate in Shen Yuan's application. " He also punished the officials of Jiangdong Road for their dereliction of duty. "Water conservancy projects exist, and those who have heard about them will be rewarded, otherwise they will be punished. It is based on going to the valley and increasing fields many times a year. Despite the floods and droughts, the people have no food. " Although it is not exaggerated, it generally reflects the situation at that time. In the 30th year of Shaoxing in the last year of Emperor Gaozong (A.D. 1 160), China first issued paper money (Huizi). The previous paper money (Jiaozi) was issued in Sichuan and used in Sichuan. Huizi is printed on paper made of bark, also called money, or money for short. In the first year of Longxing (A.D. 1 163), at the beginning of Song Xiaozong's accession to the throne, he wrote a letter with the official seal of Longxing Interior Office to show that banknotes were issued by government households, which increased the authority and promoted the circulation. Song Xiaozong is very concerned about the issuance of Huizi: "(Huizi) did not delay (referring to people's distrust and difficulties in circulation), but only considering its delay, in the first year of Longxing, stacking fees (that is, the reserve for issuing banknotes) were widely used to give it; Not too light (depreciation), but too light. Xichun paid more gold and silver to collect it in two years; Not the most (referring to the excessive circulation), but just considering this, Xichun did not increase the number (now) in three years. Therefore, Zhao Xiong said that the sacred thought is far-reaching, and there is no more printing. It is difficult for the people to get it, it is naturally valuable, and the currency is easy to pass. " This is an evaluation of Song Xiaozong's paper money policy. Due to proper policies, the stability and circulation of paper currency can be maintained, which not only promotes the development of commodity economy, but also reflects the social and economic prosperity of Song Xiaozong. Light and thin. Song Xiaozong said when canceling his contribution: "If there is no quota, it will be taken away from the people for free. "Another example is when there is a famine. In the song dynasty, the tax of that year was moved to a bumper harvest year, which was divided into two or three years. He also said that since it is a famine, taxes should not be collected again, and it is forbidden to make up for it in good years. Since its establishment three years ago, Xinghua Army of Fujian Road (now Putian, Fujian) has collected more than 24,000 stones for Fuzhou every year in the name of "leftover rice". Xiaozong reduced half of the stones in the first year of Avenue (A.D. 1 165), and reduced all the remaining stones in the eighth year of Avenue. Another example is in Huizhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province), when Tao Ya was appointed as the county magistrate (Tang Jingfu went to Hou Liang for three years in the second year, that is, around 893-9 13), he overcharged more than 12,000 yuan of "miscellaneous money" and collected it for more than 260 years, until the avenue was nine years old. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Xiaozong changed the academic policy of "keeping one faction and fighting one faction". He adopted an inclusive and * * developing attitude towards Wang Anshi's new learning and emerging Neo-Confucianism. Although Song Xiaozong also criticized the new learning, he did not support the attack of Neo-Confucianism, but praised Neo-Confucianism. For example, in Four Years on the Road, imperial academy recorded Mao Wei's attack. " Wang Anshi's father and son confused the Lord with heresy, which made the tourists uneasy and the disaster came out of their mouths. "Song Xiaozong not only ignored, but also dismissed him as. The Su-Shu School, which has been silent for more than 30 years, revived after it acceded to the throne. Song Xiaozong prefaced and praised the Collected Works of Su Shi, and posthumously awarded Su Shi as "Wen Zhong" and Su Zhe as "Wen Ding", which gave a legacy to his master and promoted the development of Su Shi's Shu studies. It is the academic environment advocated by a hundred schools of thought and the common development of * * * that makes the 58-year-old Zhu have to say in fourteen years: "If all the scholars' learning comes from saints, they have their own strengths and cannot be short." "In the later philosophers, there were not only representatives of rationalists, but also Wang Anshi, Wang Pei of the new school and Su Shi of the Shu school. Because of this social environment, a large number of accomplished scholars have been created. As Huang Zhen, a famous scholar at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, praised, when filial piety was dry (Taoism) and filial piety was pure (Xi), "the country is rich and the people are strong, and Confucian scholars come forth in large numbers. "At that time, there were not only famous thinkers Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan, Ye Shi; There are also famous writers Lu You, Fan Chengda, Yang Wanli, You Mao, and famous poet Xin Qiji, all of whom were active in the Song Xiaozong period. Since the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, it has been under the threat of the State of Jin. At this time, there were many internal problems in the Southern Song Dynasty, the moral decline of scholars and bureaucratic corruption. Officials' salaries and military expenses account for a large part of the state's fiscal revenue. The emperor raised taxes in * * *, and the peasants rebelled again. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (A.D. 1 162), after Song Xiaozong acceded to the throne, he wanted to do one thing. He gave Yue Fei * * *, and all the wrongs and wrongs in the Qin Gui period were cleared. Reuse hawks, rectify official management, and actively prepare for war. After the failure of the Northern Expedition, that is, in the later period of Song Xiaozong's rule, his domestic and foreign policies tended to be stable. At that time, * * * attached importance to production, advised farmers to cultivate mulberry trees, built water conservancy projects, provided for the people and their families, made horses and cattle everywhere, and entrusted surplus grain to the land. The country was prosperous and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and a peaceful and prosperous time appeared in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty. History is called "clean governance". (End of this article)