Haidian, at the foot of Xishan Mountain in the western suburbs of Beijing, is full of spring, with green peaks and picturesque scenery. Royal gardens have been built here since 1 1 century. By the end of the Qing Dynasty 800 years later, the total area of gardens had reached 1000 hectares, which is rare in the world.
Among the Western Hills Gardens, the most famous is "Three Mountains and Five Gardens". Three mountains refer to Xiangshan Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Wanshou Mountain. These three mountains are Jingyi Garden, Jingming Garden and Summer Palace, plus Changchun Garden and Yuanmingyuan, which are the so-called five gardens. "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" are independent gardens with their own characteristics, but they are interrelated and patchwork. Such a concentrated garden has only been seen in the world. During the Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the main energy was to build the city of Beijing and its palaces. Therefore, Xishan Garden is mostly privately owned. Since Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the inner city has not developed, and royal gardens began to flock to the Western Hills. Most of the existing royal gardens were built in the middle of Qing Dynasty.
At first, the royal garden was just a place for the royal concubines to relax and escape from the summer. Government affairs, sacrifices and life were all in the city. After Yong Zhengdi ascended the throne in Qing Dynasty, the gardens began to smell like leaving the palace. Finally, he simply lived in the gardens in the western suburbs for a long time, dealing with government affairs and reading for recreation. The garden has become the center of politics.
The Summer Palace among the "Three Mountains and Five Gardens" is one of the largest royal gardens in the world, with a total area of about 290 hectares and four scenic spots. The easternmost part is Donggongmen District. This area used to be the place where the Qing emperors engaged in political activities and daily life, including Renshou Hall, houses, bedrooms, big stage and courtyards in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yulantang was the bedroom of Emperor Guangxu and later became the place where he was imprisoned. You can still see the high wall that closed the passage at that time.
The majestic Qian Shan scenic spot in the middle of Wanshou Mountain has the most buildings and the most magnificent scenery. The whole scenic spot is dominated by two vertical contrast axes, the east-west axis is the famous promenade, and the north-south axis starts from the middle of the promenade, followed by Paiyunmen, Paiyuntang, Dehuitang and Foxiangge. The Buddha Pavilion is the center of the whole garden, and the surrounding buildings are symmetrically distributed in it, forming a trend of holding the moon with many stars, with a magnificent style.
Although there are not many buildings in the northernmost Houshan Houhu Scenic Area, the lush forests, winding mountain roads and elegant and quiet style are in sharp contrast with the magnificence of the front mountain. A group of Tibetan-style buildings and Suzhou Street with the characteristics of Jiangnan water town have compact layout and their own interests. The water surface of the Summer Palace accounts for three-quarters of the total area of the park, especially in the Qianhu District in the south, where the smoke waves are rippling, the mountains in the west are undulating, and the pavilions and pavilions in the north. There is a west dike in the lake, with peaches and willows on it, and six arch bridges of different shapes are hidden in it; There are also different forms of classical architecture on the three islands in the lake; This 17-span bridge spans the lake. It is not only the road to the lake, but also an unforgettable attraction with a very beautiful shape.
The Summer Palace concentrates the essence of China's classical architecture and accommodates the garden styles of different regions. It can be called the Garden Architecture Museum.
The main building of the Summer Palace is the Buddha Pavilion on Wanshou Mountain. The Buddha Pavilion is built on a square abutment with a height of 2 1 m.. The pavilion is 40 meters high, with 8 sides, 3 floors and 4 double eaves. There are eight huge iron rosewood Optimus Prime in the pavilion, which is a classic building with quite complicated structure. Cloisters and corner pavilions are common garden forms. The promenade of the Summer Palace is about 728 meters long, which is the longest in the world. There are more than 14000 paintings in the gallery, all of which are traditional stories or flowers, birds, fish and insects. The 8-corner double eaves on the east bank of Kunming Lake are like pavilions, which is also the largest in China. In addition, the beamless hall at the top of Wanshou Mountain is all made of masonry, without a support, and its technical level is extremely high.
The casting and carving techniques embodied in the Summer Palace are also first-class. For example, the huge vibrating iron cow on the east bank of Kunming Lake has a realistic shape and an inscription on its back. The huge stone boat on the shore of Hubei Province, carved beams and painted buildings, is extremely wonderful.
The architectural style of the Summer Palace absorbs the essence of all the buildings in China. The palace area and the inner courtyard area in the east are typical northern quadrangles, and the enclosed courtyards are connected by verandahs. The lake area in the south is a typical West Lake style in Hangzhou. A "Su Causeway" divides the lake into two, full of Jiangnan customs; To the north of Wanshou Mountain, there is a typical Tibetan Lama Temple style, white pagoda bunker-style building; Suzhou Street in the north is a typical water town style, with many shops and vertical waterways.
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The Summer Palace is located in Haidian District, the northwest suburb of Beijing, which is 15km away from Beijing downtown. It is a large-scale natural landscape garden based on Kunming Lake and Wanshou Mountain, with the scenery of Hangzhou West Lake as the blueprint, and drawing lessons from some design techniques and artistic conception of Jiangnan gardens. It is also the best-preserved royal palace, covering an area of about 290 hectares. The Summer Palace is the largest and most well-preserved imperial garden in China, and one of the four famous gardens in China (the other three are chengde mountain resort, Humble Administrator's Garden in Suzhou and Suzhou Lingering Garden). Known as the Royal Garden Museum.
The Summer Palace was originally a palace and garden in the Qing Dynasty, and its predecessor was Qingyi Garden. It is the last garden among the three mountains and five gardens. It was built in 1750 and built in 1764, with an area of 290 hectares (4,400 mu), and the water surface accounts for about three quarters. Before Qianlong succeeded to the throne, four large royal gardens had been built in the western suburbs of Beijing. The four gardens from Haidian to Xiangshan are self-contained, lacking organic connection with each other, and the "Wengshanbo" in the middle has become an empty place. In the 15th year of Qianlong (1750), Emperor Qianlong transformed it into Qingyi Garden, connecting the four gardens on both sides, forming a royal garden area 20 kilometers from Tsinghua campus to Xiangshan. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Qingyi Garden was burned by the British and French allied forces. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), Empress Dowager Cixi rebuilt it with 30 million taels of silver and renamed the Summer Palace as a summer resort. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), the Summer Palace was destroyed by "Eight-Nation Alliance" and many buildings were burnt down. It was restored in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903). Later, during the period of warlord melee and Kuomintang rule, it was destroyed again. After 1949, the government continued to allocate funds for maintenance. 196 1 On March 4th, the Summer Palace was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 10 was included in the World Heritage List. On May 8, 2007, the Summer Palace was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.
The Summer Palace is a masterpiece of traditional gardening art, with Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake as the basic framework. The surrounding landscape environment is full of the grandeur and richness of the royal gardens in China, and it is also full of natural interest, which highly embodies the gardening principle of "although it is man-made, it is natural". The artificial landscapes such as pavilions, corridors, halls, temples and bridges in the Summer Palace are harmoniously and artistically integrated with natural landscapes and open lakes. The whole garden art is ingeniously conceived, which is a masterpiece of China's garden architecture art and plays an important role in the history of garden art at home and abroad.
The Summer Palace is a large-scale scenic spot, covering an area of 2.97 square kilometers (293 hectares). It is mainly composed of Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake, of which the water surface accounts for three quarters (about 220 hectares). The buildings in the park are centered on the Buddha Hall. There are more than 0/00 scenic buildings/kloc-,more than 20 courtyards, 3,555 ancient buildings, covering an area of more than 70,000 square meters, and more than 3,000 pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions and pavilions. Old and famous trees 1600. Among them, Buddha Pavilion, Promenade, Zhou Shi, Suzhou Street, Seventeen-hole Bridge, Humorous Garden, and Grand Stage have all become well-known representative buildings.
The main scenic spots in the park are roughly divided into three areas: the political activity area represented by the solemn Renshou Hall, which is the main place for Cixi and Guangxu to engage in internal affairs, diplomacy and political activities in the late Qing Dynasty. The living quarters represented by courtyards such as Leshou Hall, Yulantang and Yiyuntang are the places where Cixi, Guangxu and Empress Dowager lived. A scenic spot consisting of Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake. It can also be divided into three parts: Wanshou Qianshan, Kunming Lake and Houshan Houhu. The vast area consisting of the promenade, the back hill and the western district is a garden tour area for emperors to relax and entertain. Qian Shan, with Foxiang Pavilion as the center, forms a huge main building complex. On the central axis of the southern foot of Wanshou Mountain, the resplendent buildings of Buddha Pavilion and Paiyun Temple start from Yunhui Yuyu archway on the lakeshore, pass through Paiyun Gate, Ergongmen, Paiyun Hall, Dehui Hall and Buddha Pavilion, and finally reach the wisdom sea at the top of the mountain. There are many corridors, and the halls are complex, rising layer by layer and running through the green houses, with great momentum. The towering Buddha Pavilion has eight sides and three floors, facing the mountain and the lake, overlooking the whole garden. The rippling Kunming Lake is laid flat at the southern foot of Wanshou Mountain, accounting for about 3/4 of the whole park area. In Kunming Lake, the magnificent 17-hole bridge, such as Changhong Crescent Moon, is reflected on the water. There is a South Lake Island in the lake, and the 17-hole bridge is connected with the shore. The winding west dike is like a green ribbon, spanning Tianhan from north to south. There are six bridges on the dike, which are slim and graceful and have different shapes. The three islands, Han Xu Hall, Jian Zao Hall and Zhijing Pavilion, stand tall, symbolizing the "fairy mountain on the sea" in myths and legends. I looked at the picture of Nongzhi, which was soft and picturesque. Emperor Qianlong once saw the living paintings of farming and weaving here, which was very interesting in the countryside. Suzhou Street, which is connected with a thousand lakes and a river, is full of wine, breezy and bustling with shops, as if it were in the Royal Shopping Street more than 200 years ago, and the humorous garden is full of fun. There are famous Zhou Shi, lifelike bronze bull, Zhichun Pavilion and other scenic buildings on the bank of Kunming Lake, which are very good. After the mountains and lakes, the clear water flows back, and Gu Song is majestic and the environment is quiet.
Over the years, the management office of the Summer Palace, with the aim of "building a garden with culture", has deeply explored the cultural connotation, vigorously promoted the protection, management and research of the Summer Palace, and established a complete protection and management system of the Summer Palace with borrowing landscape environment, landscape system, ancient cultural relics and vegetation landscape as its core protection contents. Especially since the reform and opening up, the Summer Palace has accelerated the pace of construction and protection. It has invested heavily in restoring four scenic spots, namely, four continents, Suzhou Street, Jingming Building, Lianningtang and Farming Map, and actively participated in the transformation of the surrounding environment, thus continuing the historical and humanistic environment of the Summer Palace, restoring the integrity and authenticity of the cultural heritage, and building the Wenchang Academy Museum with the most advanced garden system in China.
1998 65438+On February 2nd, the Summer Palace was listed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO for its rich historical and cultural accumulation, beautiful natural environment landscape and excellent protection and management, and was regarded as a powerful symbol of one of the major civilizations in the world.
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Qingyi Garden was burned in 1860, rebuilt in 1866, renamed the Summer Palace, severely damaged by Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900, and rebuilt again in 1902. In 2005-2006, the scenic spot and promenade of Foxiang Pavilion were restored.
The Summer Palace is mainly composed of Wanshou Mountain and Kunming Lake, and the water surface accounts for three quarters of the whole garden. It condenses the essence of national garden art. The most ingenious and distinctive design is her 728-meter-long promenade, and the paintings in the promenade have high artistic value. In addition, she also played the role of organically linking all the scenic spots in the garden, which set off the overall beauty of the garden.
Another design feature is her west dike and the bridge over it. The west dike is not a wide dike and has no practical effect. However, the designer insisted on breaking the flat embankment artificially and building "Six Bridges on the West Dike" on the embankment to form a beautiful "Six Bridges on the Willow". The scenery is no less than that of Su Causeway in Hangzhou West Lake, and Yudai Bridge is the most beautiful of the six bridges.
To the south of Kunming Lake is an island specially preserved when the garden was built. People also call it Longwang Temple, and connect it with the east bank of the lake with a 17-hole bridge.
Seventeen-hole Bridge, Longwang Temple and Xidi decorate Kunming Lake, and skillfully use the borrowing scenery technique of China garden art to bring the distant Xishan and Yuquan Mountain into the sight of tourists. The lakes and mountains complement each other and are beautiful.
The third feature of the Summer Palace is its back lake scenic spot, which makes Wanshou Mountain surrounded by water on three sides. Houhu Lake has three functions: viewing, sightseeing and fire prevention, especially the ingenious combination of fire prevention function and garden design, which is similar to a moat around the city wall.
Gan Long Yu ti Shi Bei
Foxiang Pavilion is the architectural center of the whole garden, which is surrounded by mountains and waters. The design of the Summer Palace also focuses on the main scenic spots in China. For example, the Wang Chan Pavilion on Nanhu Island imitates the Yellow Crane Tower in Wuchang, the 17-hole bridge imitates the Lugou Bridge, and the Suzhou Street in the back hills imitates the business street in Suzhou.
Suggestions on the tourist route for foreign guests: After visiting Ninjuji at the East Palace Gate, turn 300 meters to the north (right hand), walk for 10 minutes, and cross the "Purple Gas from the East" to reach the humorous garden. Funny Garden, modeled after Wuxi Chicken Farm Garden, best represents the characteristics of China Garden, with strong Jiangnan garden characteristics, which is different from the overall characteristics of the Royal Garden of the Summer Palace. After visiting the Humor Garden, go to Kunming Lake-Yulantang-Leshou Hall-Promenade-Paizhi Temple Scenic Area-Shifang-in order to save time, you can take Ruyimen in the north instead of Suzhou Street.