A large number of retirees after 60 are the parents of the only child. Due to the lack of multiple children to support, we can mainly rely on pensions. At present, China has established an endowment insurance system consisting of three pillars. The first pillar is basic endowment insurance, the second pillar is enterprise annuity and occupational annuity, and the third pillar includes personal savings endowment insurance and commercial endowment insurance.
According to the data of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, by the end of 20021,the proportions of the first pillar, the second pillar and the third pillar were 65.76%, 34.23% and 0.0 1% respectively.
The first pillar accounts for more than half, mainly undertaking the heavy responsibility of providing for the aged. In the face of the influx of "retired" troops, how to develop the second pillar and the third pillar, so that the post-60 s group can live a "retirement" life? For young and old people, how to promote "a sense of worthiness" so that they can get more pensions? This is a problem facing the whole society.
Citizens lined up at the Shanghai Bank to receive pensions.
The first pillar pension accounts for more than half and bears the heavy responsibility of providing for the aged.
"There are more than 600 people in our unit, and 40 people will retire this year. The leaders will retire this year. In recent years, an average of forty or fifty people have retired every year. "
Zhang Xinran, who works in a public institution in Beijing, told the reporter of China Economic Weekly that at this time, there is still half a year before her "formal retirement". Seeing that the number of unit retirees has soared in recent years, she is still hesitant to retire: "I am a deputy senior professional title, and I can postpone my retirement to 60 according to the policy. But now that so many people in the unit have chosen to retire, I haven't made up my mind yet. "
In recent years, China will face the biggest "retirement tide" in history, which has been mentioned many times.
According to Zhang Shixian, a researcher at the Institute of Industry and Economics, China Academy of Social Sciences, the reason why China has formed a retirement climax is because the first population peak formed since the founding of New China was from 1962 to 1972, and correspondingly, the retirement climax appeared 60 years later.
With the increase of retirees, whether their pensions are enough has become a concern.
At present, China has formed a multi-level old-age insurance system, and the "first pillar" basic old-age insurance is mainly for urban retirees. By 2022, China's urban retirees' pensions will increase continuously 18. According to the Notice on Adjusting the Basic Pension for Retirees in 2022 issued by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the Ministry of Finance on May 26th, the pension will be raised by 4% in 2022.
Although the increase of 4% is the lowest level since 18, in the view of Yang, deputy director of China Social Security Research Center of Renmin University of China, it is very difficult to raise the basic pension of urban retirees by 4% this year under the circumstances of repeated epidemics and increasing downward pressure on the economy.
"The income of many industries is declining. In order to ensure the long-term payment of pensions, it will be raised by 4% this year in peacetime. " Yang told reporters.
According to the data released by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, in 20021year, the monthly per capita pension of enterprise retirees nationwide was 2987 yuan.
From 20 12 to the end of June 2022, the number of people participating in basic old-age insurance in China increased from 790 million to 104 million, and the number of people participating in old-age insurance increased by 250 million during 10. With such a large number of participants, it is the key to ensure the balance of pensions.
On August 25th, Tao Qi, director of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security Endowment Insurance Department, said that in 20021year, the income of the basic endowment insurance fund for enterprise employees was 4.4 trillion yuan, and the expenditure was 4. 1 trillion yuan. The income and expenditure in this period are generally balanced, with a slight balance. Since the beginning of this year, the fund has maintained a stable operation. In the first half of the year, 654.38+024 billion yuan was also arranged for pensions in difficult provinces. After the central government transferred 1.68 trillion yuan of state-owned capital to enrich the national social security fund, the social security fund still has more than 2.6 trillion yuan of strategic reserves.
"Pensions are paid in full and on time." This is the guarantee given by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. But can an average pension of less than 3,000 yuan maintain the standard of living after retirement?
"Basic pension is the basic life of retirees. If you need a higher standard of living or a higher level of security, you need the second pillar and the third pillar, such as enterprise annuity and occupational annuity, buy commercial insurance and buy some wealth management products yourself, so that you can live better after retirement. " Yang told reporters that among these three pillars, the first pillar is the basic guarantee, and the second and third pillars are used to further improve the quality of life.
At present, the important task of providing for the aged in China is mainly undertaken by the first pillar. According to the data of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the National Social Security Fund, by the end of 20021,the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance, the first pillar of pensions in China, reached103 million, with a scale of 6.8 trillion yuan, accounting for 65.76%. The number of people participating in the second pillar enterprise annuity and occupational annuity is 72 million, and the total annuity scale is 3.54 trillion yuan, accounting for 34.23%. The scale of the third pillar commercial endowment insurance is 400 million yuan, accounting for 0.0 1%.
Under the background of population aging, the proportion structure of the three pillars is prone to the situation that the first pillar is difficult to support.
The second pillar enterprise annuity participation is low, and the development momentum of occupational annuity is fierce.
In recent years, China has actively promoted the development of the second pillar to ease the pressure on the basic pension.
Li Zhi, who retired in 2065438+2006, works in a large central enterprise, and the unit pays an "enterprise annuity" for him every month. After six years of retirement, his basic pension is 7000 yuan per month, and the enterprise annuity gives him a supplementary pension of 1 000 yuan per month. Calculated, his actual monthly income after retirement is 8000 yuan.
"The enterprise annuity of our company started around 20 10. Because I started late, I didn't get much from myself. For those central enterprises that started early, the return is higher. One of my relatives can return more than 3000 yuan a month after retirement. It is not clear whether this 3,000 yuan includes other subsidies, but their enterprise annuity is much higher than ours. " Li Zhi told reporters that although the unit only refunded him 1 1,000 yuan every month, it was a supplement to his pension, and his living standard would not plummet after retirement.
However, people like Li Zhi are still in the minority. Yang told reporters that as the "second pillar", enterprise annuity has developed in recent years, but the coverage of the population is still limited, only some of them are in state-owned enterprises, and private enterprises are basically absent.
Enterprise annuity, also known as enterprise annuity, refers to a supplementary pension system voluntarily established by enterprises under the guidance of national policies and according to their own economic strength and situation, in addition to the government's compulsory public pension or national pension system, to provide a certain degree of retirement income protection for their employees.
China's enterprise annuity came into being in the late 1980s and early 1990s. 199 1 year, the State Council promulgated the Decision on the Reform of the Old-age Insurance System for Enterprise Employees, proposing that enterprises can establish supplementary old-age insurance according to their own economic capacity.
According to the statistical bulletin on the development of human resources and social security in 20021released by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on June 7th, 20021(hereinafter referred to as the bulletin), at the end of 2002 1 17500 enterprises were established nationwide with 28.75 million employees. At the end of 20021,the investment and operation scale of enterprise annuity was 26 1 trillion yuan, and the investment income in that year was124.2 billion yuan.
Judging from the number of employees, by the end of 20021,the number of urban employees was 467.73 million, and the participation rate of enterprise annuity in China was only 6%.
"There are many reasons for the slow development of enterprise annuities. One of the important reasons is that the tax burden of the enterprise itself is relatively heavy. The social security paid by the enterprise adds up to one-third to one-half of the salary, and then the enterprise annuity is paid additionally. Many enterprises don't have this ability. Moreover, SMEs in China account for more than 90%, which is one of the reasons for the low penetration rate of enterprise annuities. " Yang told reporters.
Occupational annuity refers to the supplementary pension system established by institutions and their staff on the basis of participating in the basic endowment insurance of institutions and institutions. The scope of personnel covered by occupational annuity includes units managed by reference to the Civil Service Law, organs (units) managed by reference to the Civil Service Law, institutions and their staff.
China has established and implemented the occupational annuity system in government institutions since 20 14, 10, 1. Occupational annuity is mandatory, that is, it must be paid when it is issued. Therefore, as long as employees of government agencies and institutions retire after 20 14 10, they all have occupational annuities.
Compared with enterprise annuity, occupational annuity was established late, but it developed rapidly. The communique shows that China's enterprise annuity market-oriented investment operation has steadily advanced. At the end of 20021,the investment and operation scale of occupational annuity fund was 1.79 trillion yuan, and the investment income in that year was 93.2 billion yuan.
"The implementation of occupational annuities is better, mainly because occupational annuities are mandatory and money comes from finance." Yang hit the nail on the head.
The third pillar has both risk protection and investment attributes, and only a few rich people will participate?
The third pillar pension has been accelerated in recent years.
The "14th Five-Year Plan" in 2020 clearly stated that it is necessary to "develop a multi-level and multi-pillar endowment insurance system, improve the coverage of enterprise annuities, and standardize the development of the third pillar endowment insurance". In 20021and 2022, the work report of the State Council government put forward to standardize the development of the third pillar endowment insurance.
The so-called third pillar endowment insurance is personal savings endowment insurance and commercial endowment insurance. In April this year, the state officially issued the Opinions on Promoting the Development of Individual Pensions (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions), pointing out that the upper limit of the annual contribution of the individual pension of the insured is 1.2 million yuan. The state formulates preferential tax policies to encourage qualified personnel to participate in the personal pension system and receive personal pensions in accordance with regulations. At the beginning of July, 2022, Chengdu became the leading city of individual pension in Sichuan Province.
With the acceleration of the third pillar pension, the market pays close attention to its development trend. On July 23rd, TF Securities released the research report "Personal Pension: Demand, Channels and Product Outlook" (hereinafter referred to as "Report"), pointing out that the third pillar is bound to grow. The reason is that, from the domestic reality, the achievable replacement rate of the first pillar (referring to the pension replacement rate, that is, the ratio of the pension level of workers at retirement to the wage income level before retirement) is limited, and the audience of the second pillar is facing bottlenecks, so the development of the third pillar may become inevitable.
The report holds that the essence of preferential tax policies is to incite residents' savings and current consumption into long-term pension reserves through financial incentives, and the strength of policies is the main driving force for the development of individual pension system. However, due to the differences in China's tax system, the operating space of individual tax concessions is limited. It is expected that the rapid increase in the short term will be restricted and more supporting policies will be needed.
Zhang Shixian expressed appreciation for the third pillar pension. He told reporters, "The first and second pillars are linked to the unit, and the launch of the third pillar is an innovative' supplement' that deeply combines pension and capital market, which can give ordinary people more choices."
The "Opinions" pointed out that personal pension "the insured can use the paid personal pension to purchase financial products in qualified financial institutions or their legally entrusted sales channels".
But Yang is not optimistic about this.
He analyzed to reporters that "personal pension has both risk protection and investment attributes. According to the consumption and savings concept of China people, I would rather put my money in the bank to earn a little interest than invest in personal pension, even if the bank's interest rate is lower, I feel at ease. Personal pensions may be just the investment philosophy of a few rich people. "
Will delayed retirement create more room for "active aging"?
In the final analysis, the problem of endowment insurance is a social problem. For those who have the ability to retire from Kochi, more people choose to "be active in old age" to solve the gap between retirement pension and pre-retirement income.
It has been five years since Zhang Shixian retired from China Academy of Social Sciences. After retirement, he was not idle. "I retired first and then resigned. Now I'm doing some things, giving lectures in Tsinghua and other universities, and taking graduate students around. In addition to these elderly people who take their children home, many retired scholars around me are making contributions to society and realizing their surplus value. "
The "continuous" retirement of intellectuals in China is beneficial to both employers and individuals. "For employers, there is no need to bear the social cost of five insurances and one gold, and institutions are willing to hire these people; For individuals, because their physical conditions are not bad, they can achieve value and have the best of both worlds. " Zhang Shixian said.
The reporter learned that at present, more and more young and old people have a strong demand for re-employment and hope to "make a difference". Realizing the redevelopment of the human resources of the young elderly will not only help to alleviate the pressure of labor shortage, enrich labor resources and release new demographic dividends, but also be of great benefit to the physical and mental health of the elderly.
The state also supports "active aging" in policy. The Opinions of the Central Committee of the State Council on Strengthening the Work of Aging in the New Era issued on 24 October, 200211/called for combining "a sense of worthiness" with "a sense of security for the elderly", improving policies and measures such as employment, voluntary service and community governance, and giving full play to the role of the younger elderly.
"Being active in old age is not only a means of making a living, but also a way of life. In theory, 60 years old is still a working-age population. In the face of the upcoming moderate aging and severe aging, delayed retirement or gradual delayed retirement should be introduced as soon as possible. " Zhang Shixian said.
At present, the retirement age of men and women is different in China's retirement system. Men over 60 years old, women cadres over 55 years old, and women workers over 50 years old can retire.
In most countries, the legal retirement age is 65. For example, in the Netherlands, by 2024, the legal retirement age will be raised to 67. Italy can enjoy a full pension after working for 35 years, with women retiring at 60 and men retiring at 65; The legal retirement age in Denmark will be raised from 65 to 69, which is also the longest working time at present. At present, the legal retirement age in Switzerland is 64 for women and 65 for men, and retirement can be advanced or delayed by up to 5 years; The legal retirement age in the Czech Republic will be gradually adjusted to 65.
By the end of 20021,the number of elderly people aged 60 and above in China had reached 267 million. According to estimates, during the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, the total number of elderly people aged 60 and above will exceed 300 million, accounting for more than 20%, and they will enter the stage of moderate aging. Around 2035, the number of elderly people aged 60 and over will exceed 400 million, accounting for more than 30%, and they will enter a stage of severe aging.
In order to cope with the aging, on February 2, 20221day, the State Council issued the Tenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Cause for the Aged and the Service System for the Aged (hereinafter referred to as the Plan). Article ***39 of "Planning" involves gradually delaying the implementation of the statutory retirement age, the number of public pension institutions, the new life service format of "online ordering for children and experience service for the elderly", and the planning and layout of about 10 high-level silver-haired economic industrial parks.
Regarding "further improving the social security system and gradually delaying the statutory retirement age", the plan points out that the national overall planning of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees should be realized as soon as possible, and the statutory retirement age should be gradually delayed.
The 14th Five-Year Plan also makes it clear that the legal retirement age will be gradually delayed.
This means that delayed retirement is getting closer and closer to us, and delayed retirement will also create more development space for "active aging".