Change. But in this world, nothing is more difficult to grasp than culture. We can't analyze it because its composition is endless, and we can't describe it because it has no fixed shape. We want to express its meaning in words, just like holding air in our hands. When we look for culture, it is everywhere except in our hands. Alas, at this point, students will find that this guy copied our Taoist ancestors and tried to read Laozi's original words: those who didn't see it were foreigners, those who heard it were hope, and those who didn't fight were micro. These three things can't be blamed, so they are confused. There is nothing above and nothing below. The rope is indescribable. Returning to nothing is called the shape of nothing, and the image of nothing is called trance. I can't see the first thing, and then I can't see it ... without translation, everyone can see that Lowell copied Lao Tzu and just changed his name. Lao Tzu preached, this ya became a culture. I'm kidding.
Second, narrow interpretation.
Culture in a narrow sense only refers to people's spiritual life. On this basis, the cultural structure is further classified according to different perspectives. First of all, in terms of time, there are primitive culture, ancient culture, modern culture and modern culture. Secondly, in terms of space, there are oriental culture, western culture, marine culture and mainland culture. Thirdly, from the social perspective, there are aristocratic culture, civilian culture, official culture, folk culture, mainstream culture and marginal culture (Mr. Jiang Yihua divided them into normative culture, non-normative culture and semi-normative culture. This division is relatively novel, so I will focus on it. The so-called normative culture, Mr. Jiang believes, is a traditional culture based on Confucian classics and taking the official history of past dynasties as the latitude.
During the long-term migration and evolution, Confucian classics and historical culture, which have been formed by extensively absorbing the theories of Taoism, Dharma, Yin and Yang, verticality, metaphysics and Buddhism, are the highest authoritative normative culture of the small-scale peasant society in China. Correspondingly, it is the mode of production, lifestyle, various relationships between people, customs, beliefs, pursuits, daily psychology, potential consciousness and non-standard culture in various written or unwritten systems. In addition to these two cultures, there is a semi-standard culture between them, which refers to a large number of literary and artistic works with different elegance and popularity, and various cultural education and religious entertainment activities that are semi-divorced from classics, history and culture, such as Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, The Journey to the West and other popular cultural masterpieces. Of course, I think the division of Teacher Jiang seems to be only effective for the traditional culture of China. Fourthly, it is divided into etiquette culture, system culture, dress culture, campus culture and enterprise culture from the social function. Fifth, from the internal logic level of culture, it can be divided into four levels: material state culture, mentality culture, behavior culture and system culture. Sixth, in terms of economic form, there are different cultures, such as animal husbandry and hunting, fishing and salt, agriculture, industry and commerce. Some people engage in coloring, yellow culture, blue culture and so on.
Third, other methods.
Besides, there are more interesting points. For example, Mr. Zhang Yuanshan divided culture into brain culture, chest culture, abdomen culture and lower body culture in his cultural essay "Up and Down Five Thousand Years". He divided the lower body into two sections, hip culture and hip culture. He said that the middle Tang Dynasty (An Shi Rebellion) was the first half of China culture, and then the second half of China culture. If subdivided, from Yao to Zhou, that is, from 3000 BC to the birth of Confucius in 552 BC, about 2500 years, it is a prehistoric period of China culture, and there is no mind yet. Around the birth of Confucius, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China entered the age of brain culture. Qin Shihuang was unified, centralized and autocratic, and his chest collapsed, so China entered the era of chest collapse. The Han dynasty played louder, which made the Xiongnu soldiers tremble with fear. Huo Qubing stone pig stone horse, a look is the most brainless people carved. The cleverest Sima Qian was castrated by the most brainless Emperor Wu. It was also the brainless Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty who declared that Confucianism was the only one, which led to the fact that most of the intellectuals in China for two thousand years became brainless. In a word, Mr. Zhang's score is very witty. The reason why he bothers you so much is just to give you some inspiration. If students are interested, they may want to create a score.
Edit the keywords in this paragraph
First, a hundred schools of thought contend
★ Overview of tradition ★: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety, chastity, forgiveness, courage and tolerance; Chyi Chin's calligraphy and painting, three religions and nine streams, 360 lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyal service to the country, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River, red, moon ... ★ Agricultural culture ★: farmers, peasant uprising, hoes. Traditional culture paper-cutting
★ Gzero★: Palace culture, imperial learning. ★ A hundred schools of thought contend ★: Confucianism (Confucius, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mencius, Xunzi; Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith; The Doctrine of the Mean) Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; Morality, inaction and freedom) Mohist school (Mozi, Mozi, universal love) Legalist school (Han Fei, Li Si, Han Feizi) famous artists (Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sun) Yin and Yang school (Zou Yan, Five Elements, Fire and Water) strategists (Guiguzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Han Feizi).
Second, art.
★ Qin ★: Sheng, flute, erhu, guzheng, flute, drum, guqin and pipa. Jasmine, Ten Famous Songs (Mountain Flowing Water, Guangling San, Pingsha Wild Goose, Plum Blossom Three Lane, House of Flying Ambush, Sunset Flute and Drum, Fisherman's Question and Answer, Hujia Eighteen Beats, Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Chun Xue) ★ Chess ★ Books★: China Calligraphy, Seal Cutting, Four Treasures of the Study (pen, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodcut watermark, Oracle Bone Inscriptions,. ★ Painting ★: Chinese painting, landscape painting and freehand painting; Dunhuang murals; Eight horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi).
Third, tradition.
★ Zodiac ★: mouse, cow, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig. ★ Traditional literature ★: Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels, Song, Fu, Book of Songs, Thirty-six Strategies, Sun Tzu's Art of War, four classic novels. ★ Traditional festivals ★: Lantern Festival, Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day (ancestor worship), Dragon Boat Festival (Zongzi, Dragon Boat Race, Qu Yuan), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (respect for the elderly), Laba Festival (New Year's Eve, red envelopes, reunion dinner), New Year's Eve, Spring Festival (Zheng Dan, New Year's Day, January Day). Shadow play of traditional culture
★ China Drama ★: Kunqu Opera, xiang opera Opera, Cantonese Opera, Anhui Opera, Han Opera, Beijing Opera, Shadow Play, Yue Opera, Sichuan Opera and Huangmei Opera; Kunqu mask, xiang opera mask, Sichuan mask, Peking mask. ★ China architecture ★: Great Wall, memorial archway, gardens, temples, clocks, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, houses, Qin bricks and tiles, terracotta warriors and horses. Chinese characters: Chinese characters, couplets, riddles (riddles), two-part allegorical sayings, idioms, shots, wine orders, etc. ★ Traditional Chinese Medicine ★: Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Compendium of Materia Medica. ★ Religious philosophy ★: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, five elements, compass, gossip, Sina, magic weapon, fortune telling, Zen, Buddhism, Guanyin, the old gentleman on the throne; Burn incense, worship Buddha and light candles.
Fourth, the people
★ Folk handicrafts ★: paper-cutting, kites, Chinese embroidery (embroidery, etc. ), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (gluttonous patterns, ruyi patterns, thunder patterns, palindromes, and ba patterns), Xiangyun patterns, chengyan, Melaleuca, eaves, and vultures. ★ China Wushu ★: the costumes of traditional culture such as southern boxing and northern pushing, Shaolin Wudang and Taiji Bagua.
★ Regional culture ★: Central Plains culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, the ends of the earth and the land of Central Plains. ★ Folklore ★: Etiquette, marriage (matchmaker, elder), funeral (mourning, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); Door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, jiaozi, lion dance. ★ Dress clothes ★: Hanfu, deep clothing, long skirt, Tang suit (collar robe), Tang silk scarf (hoe), straight dress (Taoist robe), embroidered shoes, old tiger shoes, Uygur clothes, Russian clothes, Hushi clothes, etc.
Verb (short for verb) others
★ Four major elegant operas ★: traditional cultural costumes of peony, plum blossom, osmanthus and lotus birdcage bonsai.
Fight cricket and carp; ★ Animals and plants ★: dragon, phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda ...; Plum blossom, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum. Pine and cypress ★ Carrying objects ★: jade (Yu Pei, jade carving ...) porcelain, cloisonne, China lacquerware, painted pottery, teapot, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadsword, sword, etc. ), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc. ), Ding, Jin Yuanbao, Ruyi, Candlestick, Red Lantern (Palace Lantern, Yarn Lantern), etc. ★ Eat and cook ★: Seven things to do when going out: rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea; Wine and tea ceremony; Food culture, Chinese food, clothing of eight major cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan and Huizhou).
), jiaozi, reunion dinner, New Year's Eve dinner, rice cake, Mid-Autumn moon cake, chopsticks; Shark's fin, bear's paw ... ★ Legend and myth ★: Goddess fills the sky, Pangu opens the world, Houyi shoots the sun, Chang 'e flies to the sky, and Kuafu ★ God, strange, ghost and ghost day by day; Jade Emperor, Yan Luowang, Black and White Impermanence, Meng Po, Naihe Bridge. ...
Edit this passage to save traditional culture
I. Basic information
Myth of traditional culture
When it comes to traditional culture, most modern people who grew up in the cultural fault period have no clear concept. People who have dabbled in it may sigh: China's traditional culture is profound and has a long history; Some people may say: in today's era, traditional culture is outdated and too conservative. Is traditional culture outdated? Is it still valuable to our present society? We have proved her strong vitality and increasingly prominent social interests through the following facts: among the four ancient civilizations in human history, only China culture is still the main body of culture. China, based on traditional culture, has existed in the world for five thousand years. Compared with the Roman Empire, which has been powerful for more than a thousand years in history, it has long since ceased to exist. However, we have to admit that in the past century, China's traditional culture has been suppressed and abandoned. In the era when traditional culture is deeply rooted in people's hearts, people are physically and mentally stable, living a life of not closing their doors at night and not taking roads; But now people lock themselves in bars, and social activities will be threatened by frequent vicious incidents. What a contrast! A famous professor at Peking University once lamented: "There is no moral bottom line for people's behavior now".
Second, after World War II.
After World War II, while absorbing western advanced technology, Japan continued to maintain the traditional culture of China people in families, schools, companies and government departments, and was able to quickly rise to become a world power in a short time in an eclectic way. The United States is the representative of modern western civilization, and recent statistics show that its juvenile crime rate is 69,000 cases/day. Some western countries, such as the United States, are deeply disturbed by its increasingly serious social chaos. People of insight have clearly realized that their concept of advocating individuals and competition is the root of social unrest. They began to look for a good way to save the world in eastern culture. Many famous universities have set up sinology departments, and the US government has also set up special funds to organize scholars to study China's traditional culture. After the "9 1 1" incident, the world situation was turbulent, terrorist acts were heard from time to time, the war in the Gulf region was still on, and many people lived in anxiety and terror. The result of the development of free competition will inevitably escalate into struggle, and the further progress of struggle is war. Whether it is a cold war or a hot war, the result is that resentment is getting deeper and deeper, and revenge is getting worse every time. Eliminating conflicts and promoting world peace have become the common aspiration of people of all countries. What both sides of the conflict need is not revenge, but forgiveness, forbearance and introspection. This is exactly what China traditional culture advocates. On the contrary, look at the consequences of the escalating Palestinian-Israeli conflict-more and more people are killed in the explosion, the natural environment has been seriously damaged, and the economic environment has been hit hard ... If it continues, the consequences will be unimaginable.
Third, find a good prescription
Faced with the increasingly turbulent social situation, people of insight are trying to find a good way to save the world. In the 1970s, Dr. Toynbee, a famous British philosopher, put forward a thought-provoking argument: "Only China's Confucius and Mencius theory and Mahayana Buddhism can save the social problems in the 2 1 century." The world needs the promotion and practice of China's ancient cultural ideas; China's traditional culture, which has been neglected for nearly a hundred years, is in urgent need of saving in China. As China people, we shouldn't go around looking for food with golden rice bowls. The popularization and revival of traditional culture will inevitably bring about harmonious interpersonal relationships and long-term social stability, and sustainable development can be successfully realized. Isn't that what we expected? What is the core of China's traditional culture? Can she have such strong vitality to save the society? Traditional culture is the crystallization of thousands of years' experience and wisdom of China ancient sages, and its core is moral education. In the current environment of lack of culture and material desires, many people mistakenly think that morality is the rule that binds people's behavior. In fact, a moral life is a truly normal and happy life.
Fourth, morality.
What is morality? What is Tao? What is virtue? Tao is the natural law, order and procedure of the universe as a whole. For example, our human body, from the birth of our mother, all the organs of the whole body operate according to certain laws, and the law of the whole body is Tao. Tao is not designed by anyone, but is naturally Tao. If the food you eat can be naturally digested and absorbed, when you walk, the muscles of all parts can naturally coordinate with each other. If people can follow the laws of nature in the world, what a scientific and comfortable life it is. Tao has its heart and Tao has its body. This is the principle of local operation, which is called virtue. For example, our eyes are a part, and seeing with our eyes is the virtue of our eyes. The virtue of eyes can be seen, the virtue of ears can be heard, the virtue of nose can be heard, and the virtue of tongue can be tasted. Every organ has its special functions and laws. If the rules are out of order, people will get sick. Heaven has its way, people have their way, people have their way, and get along with the natural environment. If we understand the content of human nature, we will naturally get along with others in harmony and order, thus alleviating people's mental stress caused by interpersonal tension and frequent personnel conflicts. If we master the way to get along with the natural environment, how can we be threatened by ecological crisis and natural disasters? Even if a gentleman loves money, he should hold it properly. All these human ways of life are in traditional culture.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) humanitarian ethics
Now we reveal a corner of traditional culture through humanitarian ethics: the moral ethics of the five-ethics relationship is often immoral, and the divorce rate rises with the intensification of family conflicts. Father and son, father and son, filial to their parents, "filial" to their children, but No Country for Old Men reversed human relations, and people lost the foundation of being a man. Brothers, brothers, friends and brothers are indifferent to each other and even turn against each other (the relationship between the leader and the led). In the workplace, superiors bully subordinates, and subordinates resist their superiors or friends of the unit to deceive each other, which is inhuman and faithless. What kind of interpersonal relationship and social environment should we live in? Harmonious interpersonal relationship, orderly social order, people's smooth mood and sense of security in life and work, extremely tense interpersonal relationship from family to society, lack of credit and rules in society, intensified contradictions, people's mental pressure and inner pain. Insecurity is not an institutional theory, but a law of natural relations. Morality has no distinction between ancient and modern China and foreign countries. On the sidewalk, wisdom comes from what you have in your heart, and health and longevity come from what you have. Taoism is natural, so morality itself is by no means a man-made framework, but a product of conforming to nature. We have to admire the great wisdom of the ancient sages who followed nature; We cannot but be grateful to the Chinese ancestors who left and passed on this long-standing traditional culture. If we can all be virtuous people by the way, all kinds of family and social problems will be solved and the world will be at peace.
Edit the situation of traditional culture in this paragraph
First, the development direction and views
☆ The situation of traditional culture ☆-Look at the situation of traditional culture from a developmental and objective perspective.
1, control
Some opinions on the development direction of China traditional culture in Grasping the Modernization of China Traditional Culture from the Development Trend of World Culture: (1) To reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of China traditional culture, we must grasp the direction of human progress. Excellence: people-oriented thinking. There is a saying in Shang and Zhou Dynasties that "the people only care about the country, and the country is better". Mencius said, "The people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light." Xunzi said, "Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it. In the spiritual realm, Mencius said, "I am good at cultivating the noble spirit", and Du Fu said, "I will be in the extreme, and all other mountains are dwarfs under the sky. There are also some shortcomings, such as "I am too humble to forget worrying about my country", "I worry about the world first, but I am happy after the world", and "no one has died since ancient times, but I have the past". I admire the old school, "the sky can change, the earth can change, and the laws of our ancestors can't change." Advocating imperial power, the emperor is extravagant, living in three palaces and seventy-two courtyards is decadent, bureaucrats and nobles oppress the people, advocating "the gentleman is righteous, the villain is profitable" and "the gentleman cares about Tao but not poverty" to restrain the people from seeking more material benefits through business or other means. Suppress individuality, suppress free thought, hinder development, etc. (2) To reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of China's traditional culture, we must look at the problem with comparative viewpoints and methods. "Being in a foreign land, I miss my relatives more often during the festive season" and "The thread in the hand of a loving mother makes clothes for my wayward son" are lofty family ties. Heaven is strong, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement. The noble morality of "the benevolent loves others" Ma Yuan's Ma Ge wrapped his body, Huo Qubing's "Huns are not broken, why stay at home", Cao Cao's "Drinking and Writing Songs, Geometry of Life" and Wang Changling's "Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty, Customs in Han Dynasty" all have great ambitions. " There, the petals have been like tears, and the lonely birds have sung their sorrows. "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the moon is quiet and spring is over." The singing of heaven and man is far behind western culture. The arrival of the world cultural era is ultimately unstoppable by any conservative forces. These advantages of China's traditional culture will surely become an extremely valuable part of the world culture. The traditional culture of China was formed in the long ancient history, and its background was feudal social civilization. Strictly speaking, western culture was gradually formed before the Renaissance, with capitalist civilization as the background. One is a civilization with a strong feudal color, and the other is a civilization with a strong capitalist color, which determines that China's traditional culture is bound to be backward and has weaknesses in many aspects. (3) The new era calls for a new culture that meets the requirements of social development. 2. The new culture must take promoting economic and social development as its important mission. 3. The new culture must vigorously promote people's value and dignity, and respect people's reasonable needs. (4) Inheriting, learning from and innovating, and actively integrating into the world culture are the only way for China's future cultural development. The construction of China's new culture must adhere to inheritance, absorption and innovation.
2. Legacy
Mainly valuable things, reflecting the nature and laws of things, some noble qualities. But opposed to unlimited promotion. China's traditional culture was formed in a specific period, which inevitably has its limitations. Any exaggeration is wrong. Over the years, some people have seen the value of Zhouyi, Analects of Confucius and Zen, which is a good thing. However, blind worship and flattering words have gone astray. Even some people, after seeing some setbacks in western civilization, in turn strongly advocated that western civilization has gone bankrupt and the revival of Confucian civilization is the general trend! This is pure obscenity and stupidity. Chinese civilization is to be revived, but it is by no means to revive Confucian culture, but to be based on science, democracy and lofty human dignity and value. This is the new Chinese culture.
Step 3 absorb
From the perspective of the whole world culture, the cultures of all nationalities in the world have their own strengths and weaknesses, and they should learn from each other in order to make common progress.
4. Innovation and innovation
It is not enough to inherit and learn. We must keep pace with the times and innovate constantly. First, there must be a certain cultural accumulation. 2. Clear the direction. In the final analysis, it conforms to the social development trend and the people-oriented and people-oriented values. Third, there must be a relaxed environment. To allow the existence and development of friction things, we should not treat new things as a scourge, but encourage different ideas and cultures to confront each other freely. 4. Have courage and will. In the final analysis, it needs the courage and will of the whole nation. Old culture cannot represent the direction of social progress. As long as the new culture persists in struggle and respects the law of development of things, it will surely win in the end.
5. Summary
The traditional culture of China has a history of more than 360 years. Because we can't understand capitalism with an open mind for a long time, we have always been on the alert of capitalist civilization, and we can't take the initiative to learn those advanced achievements of western culture, thus damaging the modernization process of our national traditional culture. In recent ten years, there has been an upsurge of Chinese studies and some masters of Chinese studies have emerged. But the author found that some people just talk about Chinese studies, and they have gone astray. Today, when we talk about Chinese studies, we should study them from the cultural background of the whole world. To learn Chinese studies, we must understand the development trend of modern society. Only in this way can he really draw a more comprehensive, mature and pertinent conclusion by studying Chinese studies.
The attitude of editing this paragraph
"Two spoonfuls of cold water, sobering up" To clearly understand the situation of traditional culture, what attitude should we take towards traditional culture? ! Situation: Under the world pattern (three worlds), the theme of the times (peaceful development) and the prevailing market principles, under the international general trend of taking economic construction as the center and socialist construction as the goal. Traditional culture has long lost its dominant position and is being forgotten by people. But as a world-recognized precious heritage, it is being inherited and carried by some people with foresight, and will be integrated into modern culture to form modern traditional culture. A pot of cold water: crazy retro. The combination of tradition and modernity is our foothold! A pot of cold water: a rebellious curiosity hunter. (Rebellion is understood as anti-tradition) We should not forget our roots. China needs China people to inherit things, so we must keep our roots before absorbing foreign things.