Abstract: This paper focuses on the political system of Yan State during the Warring States Period, abides by the "double evidence law" initiated by Wang Guowei, and combines the handed down documents and unearthed materials to sort out the bureaucracy (official position, rank and salary) and the system of conferring a monarch in Yan State during that period.
Keywords: the political system of Yan State, the bureaucratic institution of the Warring States Period, sealed the monarch
Yan State was an important seal of the "Zhou Dynasty", and "the blood eater of the country was eight or nine hundred years old" (Historical Records Yan Zhaogong Family) has its own unique research value and academic significance. However, due to the lack of early materials (Western Zhou Dynasty-Spring and Autumn Period), it is still difficult to outline this period of history exhaustively and unambiguously. In the Warring States period, the materials are increasing day by day, so researchers can get a glimpse of the whole leopard. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on the political system of Yan State during the Warring States Period. Because of the limitation of space, this paper omits its military system and legal system together, and only discusses the bureaucracy and monarch in this period.
1. Bureaucracy
(1) Central administrative organization ①
1. Official position
Yan Houji's surname Yan Guo (Beiyan) was a "legitimate" vassal state enfeoffed by the central government of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yan Hou was also the "legitimate" supreme authority of Yan State. Undoubtedly, the people who exercised the supreme power in the territory of Yan State were the Zhao Gong family, that is, the family formed by the descendants of Zhao Gong who were enfeoffed to Yan State, which can be called "the family of the Prince of Yan surnamed Ji", and this "legal system" came down in one continuous line. Of course, this does not deny another fact-that is, there are indeed different surnames (such as Yin Yi and Ke Qing) in the upper authorities of Yan State.
the name of Yan Hou was originally called "Hou" (Ke Qian, Ke Qi, Ke Huan Hou), in which it was called "Gong" (Zhuang Gong-Wen Gong) and later "Wang" (Yi Wang-Yan Wangxi). In 323 BC (the tenth year of King Yi of Yan), Gongsun Yan of Wei initiated the "Five Kingdoms King" of Yan, Zhao, Zhongshan, Wei and Korea to resist the Qin Dynasty, and Yan became king together with Zhao and Zhongshan.
It is important for the bureaucracy under the marquis General and Xiang Xiang to be in charge of civil and military affairs respectively. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was an important feature of bureaucratic organizations in various countries, and it was undoubtedly beneficial for the monarch to further concentrate his power on politics. "The original official chapter of Weiliaozi" said: "The official is divided into civil and military, and the second skill of the king is also."
Xiang, also known as Xiangguo or Xiangbang, is the head of the civil service system. "Everything is done by Han Feizi, the foreign reserve says left" says: "There are people who have left Yan Xiangguo's book." For example, Zi is the phase of the prince of Yan (Warring States Policy Yan Ce I), Gong Suncao (Cheng Anjun) is the phase of the prince of Yan Hui (Shi Ji Yan Zhaogong Shi Jia quoted Zhao Shi Jia), Xiang Guo [1], and Li belly is the phase of the prince of Yan when he was happy (Shi Ji Yan Zhaogong Shi Jia).
General, also known as "General", is the head of military attache, whose name is found in handed down documents and unearthed materials. When the prince of Yan died, there was a general quilt (The Warring States Policy, Yan Ce I, Historical Records, Yan Zhaogong Family). In 272 BC, Sun Cao, who killed Yan Huiwang, said that he would be (Historical Records Zhao Shijia) (for details, see below). Qin Kai, a Yan man who "attacked and broke Donghu", was also a general (Historical Records and Biography of Xiongnu). Bronze Ge with the inscription "General" has been unearthed in the Yanxia, such as "General Zhang" (Ge No.17 and No.95) [2]. Among the generals, there are "upper generals", "so Le Yi was chosen as the upper general" ("Historical Records Yan Zhaogong Family"); General in the Warring States Period, "Marshal of the Spring and Autumn Period" (Note to Hu Sansheng in the 31st year of Zhou Nanwang in Zi Zhi Tong Jian).
in addition, the state of Yan has Sima. "(An Ping Jun Tian Dan) A bird's Sima is contrary to the qi of a thousand miles" ("Qi Ce Liu of the Warring States Policy"), and the "Sima" here obviously belongs to the military attache.
Taifu, also called "Fu" for short, belongs to the bureaucratic system of the Eastern Palace, and is responsible for counseling and educating the Prince. Generally, it is held by a highly respected and educated person. For example, Ju Wu (a "Quwu"), once a teacher of Taizi Dan, was far-sighted, and advised the prince to take a long-term view and not to be eager for revenge (yan danzi). However, Taizi Dan did not listen to Juwu's advice.
the photograph room has two meanings, one is another name for the prime minister, and the other is another name for the retainer. As the alias of the retainer, the photo room also belongs to the bureaucratic system of the East Palace and is the housekeeper of the Prince's House. "everything is done in the forest" says: "the photo room says,' what's the number of changes?' Chen Qiyou quoted the old note of Lonely Anger: "The photo room is also a retainer." On April 29th, Volume 1, Zhong Shan Fang Yin Ju has a "photo room" seal, and Collection of Ancient Seals 3 has a "Changping Jun photo room seal". Therefore, the retainer can indeed be called the phase room. "Twelve Ji Jin Tu Lu" 22 contains the tripod of the left photo room of the queen, which is called "the left photo room of the queen". The researchers believe that this tripod is a bronze ware of Yan State [3]. In October, 1998, a bronze tripod inscribed in the Warring States Period was found in Jinguyuan Village, southwest of Luoyang Railway Station. The inscription has the remarkable characteristics of the characters carved in the Warring States Period. The words "Tai Zi Zuo Xiang Shi" are carved horizontally on the front side of the upper part of the tripod, which may also be an artifact of the Yan State [4].
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In addition, there are some bureaucrats in charge of handicraft industry in Yan State, whose names are also found in handed down literature and unearthed literature. The following is a brief introduction:
Gong Yin, Tao Yin Gong Yin and Tao Yin are respectively responsible for making weapons and pottery. Gong Yin can be divided into Zuo Gong Yin and Right Gong Yin, and there is a right Gong Yin in the inscriptions of weapons in the State of Yan, and the words "Right Attack (Gong Yin)" are often used (for example, 19.52.3 of Three Generations of Ji Jin Wen Cun and 1.53.2 of Xiao Xiao Jing Ge Jin Wen Cun). In Yanxiadu, Yixian County, Hebei Province, pottery pieces with the words "Zuo Tao Yin" were found [5]; And Wen Tao with "You Tao Yin" has many records. It seems that Tao Yin, like Gong Yin, also has left and right points, and should be the adjutant.
You Yu and You Yi's "Everything is done by Han Feizi, the foreign reserve says left" says: "The Song Dynasty invited the prince who took the end of the thorn as the female monkey, …… the prince raised it by three rides. The right imperial and metallurgical workers said that the king said ... "The" right imperial "here should be related to horses and chariots. On the iron and metal casting model of the Warring States discovered in Xinglong, Hebei, the word "You Yi" is often cast [6], and he should be an official in charge of the handicraft industry in Yan State.
Slaughterers, butchers, balance officers, water officers are responsible for raising, slaughtering and cooking livestock and poultry, balance officers are responsible for measuring utensils, and water officers are responsible for water affairs. These official names are also found in Fu Zi: "The people of Shuo presented Yan Zhaowang with a big gift, saying,' Raise Xi Ruo?' The envoy said,' If you don't live in Tai Ping Yu Lan (93 as "Tai Ping Yu Lan"), you won't be precious if you don't live in it. This year, you will be 12 years old, and people will call you a fairy.' Wang Nai ordered the jackal to slaughter and raise it for fifteen years, and it was as big as a sand jackal. Wang Yizhi ordered the official bridge to be measured, the bridge to be broken, and the tapir not to be measured. He also ordered the water officer to take a boat and measure it. It weighed a thousand kilograms and was extremely useless. Yan Xiang said to the king,' Xi doesn't enjoy it?' Wang Nai ordered his husband to eat it. Among them, the position of "Zaifu" is seen in Zhou Li Tian Guan, and "the method of ruling the DPRK is to take the position of the king, the three public officials, the six ministers, the doctors and the officials, and to take the ban", which has a prominent position, but the position of "Zaifu" here is not the same as that of an ordinary "eater". Dong said that "since the Spring and Autumn Period, In sharp contrast, the "catering husband" in Zhou Li Tian Guan only "takes care of the king's food and drinks food shame to support the king and future generations", which is normal; However, in the unearthed inscriptions (such as Dakeding and Dachan), its status and authority are quite impressive.
2. Rank of knighthood
During the Warring States Period, the ranks of knighthood of Sanjin, Qi and Yan were divided into Qing and Doctor. Qing can be divided into Shangqing and Yaqing, and doctors include long doctors, upper doctors, Chinese doctors and five doctors.
if shangqing can be shangqing, his people are naturally quite respected. In "The Warring States Policy Yance I", Yan Zhaowang said in the Su Dynasty: "I ask my son to be Shangqing." Jing Ke was once honored as Shangqing by Taizi Dan. "Give up the house, and the prince will build a door every day for foreign objects in the prison, get into the car and ride beautiful women, and do whatever Jing Ke wants, so as to suit his wishes" (The Warring States Policy, Yance III, see Historical Records, Biography of Assassins).
Yaqing Yan Guo Yaqing's position is slightly inferior to Shangqing's. From Le Yi to Yan, "Yan Zhaowang thought Yaqing" (Biography of Historical Records and Le Yi). Le Yi later mentioned this matter in the Letter to the Prince of Yan. "The envoy of the former king was Yaqing" ("The Warring States Policy Yance II"), and Bao Biao commented: "Ya, Ji also."
Doctor According to Records of Historian Yan Zhaogong Family, the prince of Yan had a "doctor who would manage the canal" when he was happy, but I don't know what rank he was as a doctor. There was also a "doctor" in the Warring States Period. "I (press: Su Qin) is more expensive than Qi, and Dr. Yan will not believe me." "If I (press: Su Qin) comes, the doctor's plan will be greatly solved." [8]. The "doctors" in the above two places should be the general name of doctors in Yan State. Due to the lack of materials, it is still difficult to determine whether there are long doctors, Shanghai doctors and Chinese doctors in Yan State, but there are five doctors. The "five great men" (roughly the same as the ninth rank of the 2 th rank of the Qin Dynasty [9]) existed in Chu, Wei and Zhao countries. There is a Wudufu crossbow machine in 2.57 of Three Generations of Ji Jin Wen Cun, and the first word in its catalogue is "Qin", but from the font and format of the inscription, this machine is undoubtedly a swallow [1].
3. During the Warring States Period, all countries basically adopted the salary system; As for the unit of salary calculation, there are differences in different countries. Wei uses "basin", Qi Wei uses "clock" and Qin uses "bucket", while Yan State uses "stone". After the "abdication" of Yan Wang, he was "the son who died because he was printed from 3 stone officials" (Yan Ce I, Warring States Policy). "Taking a stone as a measure of wealth" may be Yan's initiative. Wu Shidao's "Bu Yue" in the Yuan Dynasty quoted Lv Zuqian's "Memorabilia" in the Southern Song Dynasty as saying: "It is only here that we learn from the stone." Ten liters make a bucket, ten buckets make a stone, and each stone weighs 12 Jin.
(2) Local administrative organizations
In the Warring States Period, the local administrative organizations of Yan State, like other countries, also implemented the county system. Generally, there is a county under the county, which becomes a county and county two-level system. "The Warring States Policy, Qin Ce V" said that "Zhao attacked Yan, and got thirty-six counties in the valley (county), and Qin Shiyi".
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3 p > When Yan Zhaowang was on the 3rd floor
, Yan Guoxian attacked the Qin Dynasty and built the Great Wall in the north, setting up five counties of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong. The main purpose of setting up these five counties in the state of Yan is to "reject Hu"-that is, to guard against Donghu and consolidate the border defense (Biography of Xiongnu in Historical Records). In the occupied territories of other countries, the Yan State also promoted the county system. Yan Zhaowang, Le Yi cut qi, sweeping, "qi more than 7 cities, all counties are Yan" (Biography of Historical Records and Le Yi).
The chief executive of the county is a "Shoushou" (sometimes referred to as a "Taishou"), and all of them are served by military attache; The chief executive of the county is an order, which consists of Cheng, Wei, etc. Below the county, there are grass-roots organizations such as townships, towns, villages or companies and villages [11]. According to "The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Si", Zhao She, a native of Zhao, once made amends for living in Yan, and "Yan takes luxury as the top priority". The so-called "Shanggu Shou" is the chief of Shanggu County. It can also be known from the official seal that the State of Yan has "Situ", "Sima", "Sigong" and "Cheng" in the local area. Belonging to Stuart, such as "the capital of Yicheng", "the capital of Wen 'an", "the capital of Xiawu", "the capital of Pingyin" and "the capital of Fangcheng"; Sima is divided into Sajima and Ujima, such as "Gongyin Capital Sajima" and "Geng Capital Ujima". Belonging to a foreman, such as "Du Gonggong"; Belong to cheng, such as "ACTS □ all cheng" and so on [12]. As for the specific situation of Yan's county and below, it is still unclear because of the lack of materials.
second, the system of conferring a monarch
the system of conferring a monarch appeared in the warring States period, which seemed abrupt and uncoordinated. Because at that time, the major vassal countries had generally established local administrative institutions with counties as their governing bodies, and implemented a centralized political system to replace the previous system in which nobles occupied land by grades to rule; However, the system of conferring a monarch was set up, which maintained the new aristocratic privilege to a certain extent.
There are five titles and six people (one in doubt, one in doubt) in the historical records of the pre-Qin Dynasty. They are:
1. Xiang Anggun, who should be the royal family of Yan, may be the younger brother of Yan Zhaowang [13], and became a monarch in Yan Zhaowang. Yan Zhaowang once sent him to the State of Qi (Zhao Ce IV of the Warring States Policy, Letters from the Warring States Period IV, and Su Qin presented a letter to the Prince from Qi). On page 1 of the Letters of the Warring States Period, he said: "(Zhang) The death of Falcon is also a disgrace to the king. Xiang Anjun did not return to cry, and Wang suffered. " The silk book sorting group of Mawangdui Han Tomb commented: "Go back to cry and go back to China to attend the funeral. Xiang Anggun didn't return to cry. Judging from the literal meaning, Xiang Anggun may have been detained by Qi State and failed to return to China to attend the funeral. He should be killed at the same time or later. " [14] For this incident, Qiu Xigui has a new view: from the context, "Xiang Anjun does not return to cry" seems to be a more serious thing than not being able to attend the funeral; Suspicion that "crying" is the form of "mourning" is close to the wrong word (Shuowen: "mourning, death is also. From crying to death, I will know, and death will sound. " ）； Suspected that Xiang Anggun died in Qi and Qi did not return to his funeral. After consulting the ancient books handed down from ancient times and unearthed documents, Xiang Anjun's name has not been recorded since then, fearing that he has already died in Qi, so it is highly possible that Qiu Xigui's theory can be established. (Hayabusa, Shangjia Guangtou)
2. Wu Anjun was a monarch in Yan Zhaowang, and was sealed by Su Qin. Su Qin, born in Chengxuanli, Luoyang, Eastern Zhou Dynasty (now Luoyang East, Henan Province), was a strategist in the Warring States Period. Su Qin lobbied King Zhao of Qin in his early years, and suggested that "the writing should be abolished and the military should be used", which was not adopted. After studying hard, he joined Yan when he was in Yan Zhaowang. In 295 BC, Yan Zhaowang sent Su Qin as a spy to help Qi attack the Song Dynasty as bait, so as to weaken Qi. As a result, Su Qin cheated Qi's trust, and was regarded as the prime minister by the King of Qi. At the same time, Su Qin alienated Qi and Zhao, which enabled Yan to form an alliance with Qin and Zhao. In 284 BC, Le Yi launched Yan, Zhao, Wei, Han and Qin to attack Qi, and Qi almost perished. The King of Qi discovered that Su Qin was against Yan, and the car split Su Qin in the city (The Warring States Policy, Yan Ce, Letters from the Warring States Period, Historical Records and Biographies of Su Qin). Yan Zhaowang I's prosperity of Yan State had a great relationship with Su Qin, and he was a great hero in the history of Yan State.
Yan Zhaowang named Su Qin Wu Anjun, and later Zhao and Qi both named Su Qin Wu Anjun. "Wu 'an" is a title, and there is no fief, which means "settling the world with martial arts"-because Su Qin preached "settling the world with volunteers" [15]. Later, Qin Gen Leitian and Zhao Gen Li Mu all had this title.
3. Chang Guojun, Yan Zhaowang, Yan Hui, Wang Shi Fengjun, Le Yi, Le Xian and his son. Le Yi, a native of Zhongshan, is a descendant of Le Yang, a famous Wei, and is good at fighting. Le Yi entered Yan from Zhao Jingwei and was reused by Yan Zhaowang. In 284 BC, Le Yi invaded the State of Qi and captured more than 7 cities, making it famous all over the world. Le Yi was also awarded the title of Chang State in Qi County, and was the monarch of Chang State, ranking among Yaqing (Biography of Historical Records and Le Yi). After Yan Zhaowang's death, Wang Zhongqi, who acceded to the throne, conspired against him, making Le Yi as the general, and Le Yi was forced to go out to Zhao. King Hui regretted it, and took Le Yi's son, Le Xian, as a prosperous monarch (The Warring States Policy, Yan Ce II, Historical Records and Biography of Le Yi). Therefore, Le Yi was named Chang Guojun mainly because of his outstanding achievements; His son's attack on the monarch of Changchang was entirely due to a very special reason-the mistake of Yan Huiwang.