Martin Luther King (1929-1968), an African-American priest and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, led the civil rights movement in the United States in the 195s and 196s.
in the 196s, Americans gradually realized that the emancipation movement committed by the Civil War did not have the pre-effect of making black Americans full equal citizens. In the late 19th century, the civil rights of African-Americans were restricted by state and local laws and practices that discriminated against African-Americans. In daily life, black Americans are often isolated and cannot go to school, take the same public transportation and live in the same place with whites. Black people can't fully participate in American social life, and even after a hundred years, they are still deprived of various rights like slaves. The improvement of their living standards is not completely commensurate with the development of the country. Therefore, the equality of black Americans has become a serious social problem.
Black voluntary groups, churches and other concerned American groups from all walks of life joined forces to launch a movement for civil rights. They urged Congress to pass strong laws to remove the last vestiges of racial segregation and discrimination in American society.
On August 28th, 1963, the March for Freedom of Work held at Lincoln Memorial in Washington was an important milestone in the civil rights movement. The most inspiring thing that day was the speech made by Reverend Martin Luther King on behalf of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. A journalist pointed out that Kim's speech was "full of symbols of the spirit of Lincoln and Gandhi and the rhythm of the Bible". He is righteous, strict and temperate; Publicly publicize-this is part of its basic philosophy-the non-violent reform path; And Kan Kan's statement was eloquent. In the 196s and 197s, the US Congress, the President and the court lifted all kinds of legal obstacles mentioned by Kim in his speech.
Nelson Rolihlahla nelson rolihlahla mandela was born in a big chieftain's family in transkei, South Africa on July 18th, 1918. He was qualified as a lawyer with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Africa and the University of Witwatersrand. Mandela had a strong personality since childhood and revered national heroes. He was the eldest son of the family and was designated as the chief heir. However, he said: "I will never rule an oppressed tribe as a chief" but "devote myself to the cause of national liberation in the name of a soldier". He resolutely embarked on the road of pursuing national liberation. In 1944, he attended the African National Congress of South Africa. In 1948, he was elected as the national secretary of the ANC Youth League, and in 195, he served as the national chairman of the ANC Youth League. In 1952, he successively served as the Executive Committee of the ANC, Chairman transvaal province and Vice Chairman of the National Committee. At the end of the same year, he successfully organized and led the "Defying Unfair Laws Movement", which won the respect of all blacks. To this end, the South African authorities have twice banned him from participating in public meetings.
in June p>1961, mandela founded the ANC military organization "spear of the nation" as commander-in-chief. In August 1962, Mandela was arrested and imprisoned when he was only 43 years old. The South African government sentenced him to five years in prison for political incitement and illegal border crossing. In June 1964, he was accused of conspiracy to subvert and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Since then, he has been in prison for 27 years. He has been persecuted and tortured, but he has always been unyielding. On February 11, 199, the South African authorities were forced to announce the unconditional release of Mandela under the pressure of public opinion at home and abroad. In March of the same year, he was appointed by the National Executive Committee of the ANC as the vice chairman and acted as the chairman. In July 1991, he was elected as the chairman. In April 1994, the ANC won the first non-racial general election in South Africa. In May of the same year, Mandela became the first black president of South Africa. In December 1997, Mandela resigned as the chairman of the ANC and said that he would no longer run for president in June 1999. Officially resigned in June 1999.
The main works are: The road to freedom will not be smooth; Struggle is life; The Declaration for World Freedom; and the autobiography The Road to Freedom is Long.
In p>1991, UNESCO awarded Mandela "Houphouet-Boigny for Peace Prize". In October 1993, the Nobel Peace Committee awarded him the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his contribution to abolishing the racial discrimination policy in South Africa. In the same year, he was awarded the Philadelphia Medal of Freedom with then South African President De Klerk. In September 1998, Mandela visited the United States and won the "Congressional Gold Award" from the United States, becoming the first African to win the highest award from the United States. In August 2, he was awarded the "Kama" medal by the Southern African Development Community in recognition of his outstanding contributions in leading the South African people in their long struggle for freedom, in realizing the peaceful transition of old and new South Africa, and during his tenure as the chairman of the Southern African Development Community.
In p>1992, Mandela and Winnie separated. On March 19th, 1996, the court ruled that Mandela and Winnie divorced. The current wife, Graca Machel, is the widow of former Mozambican President Zamora and married Mandela on July 18th, 1998.
He visited China for the first time in October p>1992, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by Peking University on the 5th. In May 1999, President Mandela was invited to visit China. He was the first South African head of state to visit China.
You mean Mother Teresa!
There is a unit in the third volume of the college English textbook (Fudan Edition) that tells her story. She also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
This is a reposted biography of her:
Mother Teresa, whose original name was Agnes Gongxia Bojieshu, was born in an Albanian peasant family in Skopje, the former Yugoslavia, on August 27th, 191. Her father is a grocer, and his family is not rich, but his father loves his mother and is close to his brothers, and she grew up in a warm family life. The nature of kindness and fraternity fascinated her with charity. He came to India in 1928 and devoted himself to charity. Since the 194s, she has carried out charity work in India to help orphans, the poor and the elderly, and founded many schools, hospitals, shelters and orphanages in India and other countries.
In p>1952, Theresa built a "shelter for the dying poor" next to an Indian temple, so that those poor people could enjoy the warmth of the world when they were dying. By the end of 198s, about 3, poor people who were terminally ill and homeless had spent their last days in shelters. When the reporter asked whether it was worthwhile to save these incurable people, she couldn't even understand the meaning of this question, because it was out of tune with her outlook on life.
After that, Theresa began to consider the treatment of leprosy patients. In 1964, during his visit to India, Pope Paul VI received Teresa and gave her a limousine of his own. Theresa later sold the car, built a building for leprosy patients with the proceeds from the auction, and trained some nursing staff, making it the only leprosy center in Petersburg, Calgary.
In p>1979, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Indian nun Teresa in recognition of her "work to overcome poverty". At the award ceremony, Mother Teresa said, "I accept this prize in the name of the poor." After evening prayers, she told reporters: "Greed-greed for power, greed for money and greed for reputation is the biggest obstacle to peace in the world today." After winning the prize, Mother Teresa sold the medal and donated it to the poor and leprosy patients with a prize of $19,, leaving no penny for herself. In 1992, UNESCO awarded Mother Teresa the Peace Education Award in recognition of her dedication to the cause of poverty alleviation, peace promotion and justice struggle. The charity she founded and led has set up 569 service centers in 12 countries, in which 3,5 nuns serve.
On September 5th, 1997, Mother Teresa, a world-renowned philanthropist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, died of a heart attack in Kolkata, India, at the age of 87. The Indian government held a grand state funeral for Mother Teresa on September 13th. Mother Teresa's coffin, covered with the Indian flag, was placed on a gunboat that transported the bodies of Mahatma Gandhi and Indian founding father Nehru, and slowly sailed to Calcutta Gymnasium where the funeral mass was held. More than a million people with different religious beliefs followed the escort along the way, throwing flowers at the hearse and holding up her photo.
Mother Teresa devoted her life to the cause of welfare for the poor, and was deeply loved by people all over the world. She was known as "the embodiment of kindness and light". After the news of Mother Teresa's death spread, Calcutta was immersed in grief, and thousands of Indians said goodbye to Mother Teresa with tears in their eyes. Today, her name has flown over Qian Shan and spread all over the world. She won the love and respect of hundreds of millions of people with her sincere dedication to charity and the spirit of facing hardships, and was honored as "the embodiment of kindness and light".