(1) Comparison of temperature and precipitation in the northern and southern hemispheres

The northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are often opposite in terms of temperature. For example, when the northern hemisphere is hot in summer, the southern hemisphere is hot. In the winter cold. But from the perspective of precipitation, we cannot be too general. We cannot simply say that when it rains more in the Northern Hemisphere, it means less rain in the Southern Hemisphere. The reason lies in the subtropical Mediterranean climate mixed with winter rain. Compared with other climates, the most typical feature of the Mediterranean climate is that precipitation is concentrated in winter.

(2) Common climate characteristics

Tropical rain forest climate

Mainly distributed near the equator, such as the Malay Islands, Amazon Plain, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea Coastal areas and other areas are characterized by high temperatures and rain all year round, small annual temperature ranges, average monthly temperatures between 25 and 28°C, and annual precipitation mostly above 2,000 mm, which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.

Savannah climate

It is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rainforest climate zone. The average annual temperature here is high, but the annual temperature range is slightly greater than that of the tropical rainforest climate. The annual precipitation is mostly in Between 400 and 1500 mm, there are obvious dry and wet seasons. The further away from the equator, the longer the dry season and the less precipitation.

Tropical monsoon climate

Distributed in South Asia and Indochina, it is characterized by high temperatures throughout the year. The average temperature in the coldest month is above 18°C. Precipitation is closely related to wind direction. In winter, the northeasterly wind from the mainland prevails, resulting in little precipitation. In summer, the southwesterly wind from the Indian Ocean prevails, resulting in abundant precipitation. The annual precipitation is 1,500-2,000 mm in most areas, but in some areas it is much more than this.

Tropical desert climate

Distributed in the interior of the continent or the west coast of the continent near the Tropic of Cancer, it is characterized by high annual average temperature, large annual temperature difference, larger daily temperature difference, and scarce precipitation. The annual precipitation is generally less than 250 millimeters, and in many areas it is only tens of millimeters or even several millimeters. The variability of precipitation is very large, and it often does not rain for several consecutive years.

Subtropical monsoon climate

Distributed in the subtropical areas on the east coast of the mainland, the winter here is not cold, the average temperature in January is generally above 0℃, and the summer is hot, with the average temperature in July generally being Around 25℃, the wind direction changes significantly between winter and summer. The annual precipitation is generally more than 1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer and less in winter. This type of climate is most typical in southeastern my country.

Subtropical monsoon humid climate and Mediterranean climate

Distributed in the subtropical areas on the west coast of the continent, the Mediterranean coastal areas are the most typical, hence the name. This type of climate is characterized by mild winters, hot or warm summers, precipitation is mainly concentrated in winter, and dry summers, so it is also called a subtropical summer-dry climate. The temperate maritime climate is distributed in the temperate zone on the west coast of the mainland. It is characterized by not being cold in winter (the average temperature in January is above 0℃), not hot in summer (the average temperature in July is below 22℃), and there is precipitation all year round. Precipitation is generally around 1,000 mm, and can reach over 2,000 mm or more in places with favorable terrain.

Temperate monsoon climate

Distributed in the eastern areas of my country north of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, northern Korea and Japan, and the eastern coastal areas of Siberia. It is characterized by warm summers and cold winters. The annual precipitation is 500-1000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer. The temperature difference between winter and summer increases from south to north, and the precipitation decreases from south to north.

Temperate continental climate

Distributed within the Eurasian continent and the North American continent. Due to the control of continental air masses throughout the year, winters are cold and summers are hot, the annual temperature range is large, and precipitation is low. The annual precipitation is less than 500 mm, forming a dry or semi-dry climate in the central part of the continent;

Subarctic coniferous forest climate

Distributed in Eurasia and the northern part of the North American continent, Due to the high latitude, winters are cold and long, summers are cool and short, evaporation is not strong, and precipitation is small but not dry, forming a special subarctic coniferous forest climate.

Polar climate

Distributed in the northern edge areas of Eurasia and North America, Greenland, the Arctic Ocean islands and Antarctica. In the continental margins, winters are long and cold, but the average temperature in the hottest month in summer can reach 10°C. Moss and lichens are typical plants here, so it is also called a tundra climate; most of Greenland, the Arctic Ocean islands and Antarctica and other places The area is covered with ice and snow all year round, and the hottest monthly average temperature does not exceed 0°C, so it is called an ice sheet climate.

Alpine climate may occur at any latitude, and is characterized by vertical changes in temperature and precipitation. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and precipitation increases with increasing altitude within a certain altitude range. Above this altitude It decreases with the increase of height.

(3) The world's main climate types, characteristics, causes and distribution

Tropical rain forest climate - high temperature and rain all year round

Affected by the equatorial low pressure belt all year round

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Near the equator, between 10 degrees north and south latitude

Tropical grassland climate - divided into dry and wet seasons

Alternatively controlled by the equatorial low pressure belt and the subtropical high pressure

10-20 degrees north and south latitude, west coast of the mainland

Tropical desert climate - high temperature and dryness all year round

Affected by the subtropical high all year round

20-20 degrees north and south latitude 30 degrees, west coast of the continent

Mediterranean climate - hot and dry summers, mild and rainy winters

Alternatively controlled by the westerly belt and subtropical high pressure

North and south latitudes 30-40 degree, west coast of the continent

Temperate maritime climate - mild and rainy all year round

Affected by the westerly belt all year round (the warming and humidifying effect of warm currents)

North and south latitudes 40-60 degrees, west coast of the mainland

Tropical monsoon climate - high temperature and rain in summer, high temperature and little rain in winter, divided into two seasons of rain and drought

Differences in thermal properties of land and sea, (South subtropical monsoon, caused by Seasonal movement of the upper pressure belt and wind belt)

15-25 degrees north and south latitude, east coast of the mainland

Subtropical monsoon climate - high temperature and rain in summer, mild and less rain in winter

Differences in thermal properties between sea and land

25-35 degrees north and south latitude, east coast of the continent

Temperate monsoon climate - hot and rainy summers, cold and dry winters

Differences in thermal properties between sea and land (Monsoon in the southwest of my country, coupled with the influence of terrain)

35-55 degrees north and south latitude, east coast of the mainland

Temperate continental climate - mild and less rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter

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Inside the temperate continent, far away from the ocean

Polar climate - low temperature all year round, little precipitation

It is divided into tundra zone and ice sheet zone.

The tundra zone is mainly along the Arctic Ocean; the ice sheet zone is on the Antarctic continent and Greenland

Mountain climate - as the altitude increases, the temperature decreases and the precipitation changes