(1) Sociality.
Sociality means that social security is a social system widely implemented by the state in the whole society, and enjoying social security is the basic right of social members. First of all, social security is a social and economic system that is uniformly implemented in the whole society. Its object is all members of society, and it is a universal system for all citizens, including those members of society who have lost their ability to work, do not have and have not yet formed their ability to work. This feature is fully reflected in the Beveridge Report-Social Insurance and Related Services. "This plan (social security plan) covers all citizens and has no upper income limit." Social security is a public plan, and its implementation subject is the administrative department. For members of society, no matter what their status, as long as they meet the conditions of enjoying social security, they should get basic material security for survival. Secondly, the source and use of social security funds are social, that is, raising and arranging the use of social security funds from the social scope. Third, the sociality of social security objectives. The state is the actor and implementer of social security, and its goal is to promote the harmony and stability of social relations, which embodies the sociality of social security goals.
(2) Fairness.
In social security, the principle of fairness requires that the initial distribution of the market should be properly adjusted through social security, so as to narrow the excessive gap in income distribution among members of society and make the income distribution result generally accepted by members of society. Under the market economy, the result of price-oriented market distribution is often unfair in the social sense. From the perspective of labor income, differences in labor ability, education level and employment opportunities will lead to differences in labor income. Those social members who have poor working ability, low education level, few employment opportunities and engage in low-paying occupations can only get less income and even fail to meet the needs of basic life. From the perspective of property income, people's different possession of property leads to the income difference from capital, and the income gap between prolific and proletarians is very wide, and this income gap caused by property will also form intergenerational inheritance, thus causing unfair income distribution from the perspective of social ethics. Because the market that pursues efficiency can't bring fairness, the goal of social security system first emphasizes social fairness, which is required to be put in the first place in system design and implementation.
(3) mutual assistance.
Social security policy is an important part of social policy. The original intention of social security policy design is to use the "law of large numbers" of insurance to raise funds from the society and the state by using the financial "backing" to protect people who encounter difficulties in life. When some social members encounter basic difficulties in life, social insurance can give basic economic support. Mutual assistance in social security provides a good foundation for the maintenance of social security policies, and mutual assistance also embodies the social moral and ethical connotation of social security policies. This is also an important point that distinguishes social security policy from other policies. At the same time, the security of social security policy also emphasizes the protection of citizens' basic living needs. Logically speaking, the supportability characteristics of social security should highlight the important connotation of the coordination between social security level and local social and economic development.
(4) development.
Social security policy focuses on the basic living standard of citizens and helps people maintain their basic living by giving basic economic subsidies. The fairness, sociality and mutual assistance of social security policy tell us the social stability connotation of social security policy. From its basic social attributes, the development function of social security policy is equally important. In recent years, the research of developmental social policy has also appeared in the field of social policy, and its core idea is "empowerment", aiming at enhancing the self-development of social members and their ability to cope with life risks. Social security policy also has the important characteristics of social development. Social security policy guarantees the development rights of members of society, which enables citizens to have a certain ability to live, helps them to play their own advantages, realizes the "hematopoietic" function of social policy, and ultimately promotes social and economic development.
(5) management.
Social security policy is actually an organizational response to social problems and a process of policy construction. It is an important part of government social management, reflecting the level of government management of social risks. From the perspective of social risks, the government's social security policy is actually an organizational response to social risks. This policy responsiveness is reflected in multi-level macro-and micro-risk management: from a macro perspective, problems that have become social problems are included in the agenda of social security policies, and social intervention is carried out on these social risks, and social security policies are only an intervention on group life risks at the social level; From the microscopic point of view, the social risks of individual social members in their life cycle are focused, and the design and implementation of social security policies is the management of social risks of individual micro-society. Social risks at the level of social groups and individuals are the key areas of social security policy in topic selection, policy design, policy implementation and evaluation.
Systematic Editing of Social Security Policy Due to the differences in economic and social development level, system and culture, the social security policy system in different countries is different in composition. According to the practical experience of western countries and the design of the social security system framework of the International Labour Organization, combined with the basic national conditions and the actual operation of social security, China's social security policy system mainly includes the following contents.
1. Social insurance policy
Social insurance policy is a social security policy formulated by the state and the government to ensure that workers can enjoy their basic living rights even if their income is interrupted, reduced or even lost due to risks such as old age, illness, disability, childbirth, death and unemployment. Social insurance policy is the pillar and core of social security policy system. The social insurance policy should socialize social insurance as much as possible, so that it covers all members of society, and at least the vast majority of workers should be guaranteed by social insurance. As a form of security, social insurance should follow the principle of universality, that is, the strength of the majority shares the risks of the minority. Only with this feature can we solve the basic needs of workers, give play to the public welfare function of insurance and promote social stability. In China, the social insurance policy includes five parts: maternity social insurance, medical social insurance, unemployment social insurance, industrial injury social insurance and old-age social insurance.
2. Social assistance policy
Social assistance policy is a social security policy formulated by the state and the government to maintain the minimum living standard of citizens. According to legal standards and procedures, the state and society provide social assistance (including economic assistance including material and money and labor services) to citizens who cannot maintain the minimum living standard for various reasons to meet their minimum living needs. Social assistance is the lowest level of social security, and it is an effective means to provide minimum living security for members of society who are trapped in poverty. On the one hand, the implementation of social assistance is to eliminate the absolute poverty of society and reflect the principle of fairness in the operation of modern market economy; On the other hand, it has also realized the rights of survival and development of social members without basic living security. Today's social assistance is different from past charity and poverty alleviation activities. It is implemented on the basis of combining poverty alleviation, mutual assistance and self-help. China's social assistance policies mainly include poverty alleviation and development policies, minimum living security policies, disaster assistance policies, medical assistance policies, legal aid policies and special personnel assistance policies.
3. Social welfare policy
Social welfare policy is a social security policy formulated by the state and government to improve people's quality of life. The welfare system belongs to a higher level of social security, and its purpose is to promote the general improvement of social welfare. Social welfare in a broad sense refers to various subsidies, public facilities and social services provided by the state and society to improve people's material and cultural living conditions according to law. In a narrow sense, social welfare aims at solving existing social problems, reducing social morbidity and preventing social problems from worsening, and aims at social insurance and social assistance for some citizens in society. In practice, countries have different understandings and policies on welfare, and some European and American countries have implemented a wide range of national welfare policies from cradle to grave. China's social welfare policies mainly include public welfare, labor welfare, elderly welfare, disabled welfare, children's welfare, women's welfare and military welfare.
4. Social preferential policies
Social preferential treatment policy is a special social security policy with the nature of praise, preferential treatment and old-age care, which is provided by the state or society to ensure a certain standard of living for the legally entitled groups. Social special care is a special kind of social security, which guarantees the basic life of respected soldiers and their families, as well as people whose lives or health are damaged by safeguarding national or social interests and engaging in official activities.