First, promote moderate scale operation and multi-type scale operation of agriculture.
Agricultural scale management is an important way to improve agricultural labor productivity and farmers' income. However, due to China's large population and small land, and the diversity of agricultural types, the scale management of agriculture must pay attention to moderation and diversity. The essence of moderate scale operation of agriculture is the comparative interests of agricultural operators and the opportunity cost of agricultural subjects engaged in a certain scale operation. Comparative interests are dynamic. Therefore, with the continuous improvement of the income level of agricultural and non-agricultural industry operators, the moderate scale of agricultural operation will continue to expand. Take the scale management of land as an example. In 1980s, the moderate scale of farmers' grain production in China was once considered to be about 10 mu, but now the moderate scale of farmers' grain production has greatly exceeded this level. The importance of moderate scale operation of agriculture lies in that too small scale operation is not conducive to increasing farmers' income and stimulating farmers' enthusiasm for production, but too large scale operation may also lead to extensive agricultural operation, reduced resource utilization efficiency and unbalanced income of agricultural operators.
The scale management of agriculture should also pay attention to the diversity of its types, and the scale of land management should not be the only criterion. The necessity of all kinds of agricultural scale management lies in the diversity of agricultural products and the polymorphic characteristics of agriculture. As far as the multi-type characteristics of agricultural products are concerned, they can be mainly divided into three types: one is land-intensive products, mainly bulk agricultural products such as grain; Second, it is biased towards capital-intensive products, mainly processed agricultural products and facility agricultural products; Third, labor-intensive products, mainly vegetables, fruits, tea and aquaculture products. Among these three types of agricultural products, the scale operation of land-intensive agricultural products mainly depends on the matching relationship between land and capital; The scale operation of capital-intensive agricultural products mainly depends on the matching relationship between constant input cost and variable cost, while the scale operation of labor-intensive agricultural products mainly depends on the matching relationship between labor and capital.
Except for agricultural products such as grain, land scale is not the decisive factor of agricultural scale management. The characteristics of various types and forms of agricultural products determine that there can be many types of agricultural scale management.
In practice, through the establishment of agricultural specialized service system, agricultural scale operation with small production and large service can be formed; Through the innovation of farming system, a compound and three-dimensional agricultural scale operation is formed, which combines grain and economy, planting and raising; It is also possible to form a vertically integrated agricultural scale operation through vertical integration and industrialized operation of agriculture. Therefore, the opinion clearly stated that it is necessary to "summarize and promote typical cases of moderate scale operation of various forms of agriculture and give full play to its demonstration and leading role". It is hoped that the innovation enthusiasm of all kinds of new agricultural business entities will be fully mobilized and brought into play, and micro-innovation adapted to local conditions will not be easily denied. To this end, the opinion also made it clear that "all localities should take measures such as financial awards and subsidies to support various forms of moderate-scale agricultural operation and development". In short, to promote agricultural scale operation, we should not only grasp the moderation of agricultural scale operation from the principle of comparative interests, but also pay attention to the diversity of agricultural scale operation from the diversified characteristics of agricultural products and agriculture, so as to realize the unity of moderation and diversity of agricultural scale operation.
Second, establish a diversified agricultural service system with farmers' cooperative organizations as the core.
The agricultural service system based on specialized division of labor is one of the important foundations and types of agricultural scale management, and it is also an important symbol of agricultural transformation and development and modern agriculture. Because agriculture has the dual attributes of natural reproduction and economic reproduction, and has the triple functions of economy, ecology and society, the service system of agriculture must have diversified characteristics. Mainly reflected in two levels, first, the diversification of service subjects and system positioning, mainly including government-led, market-led, cooperation-led, industry-led, social-led and different types of combinations. Second, the diversification of service forms is mainly reflected in service outsourcing, such as public service outsourcing and private service outsourcing; Internalization of services, such as services provided by organizations such as cooperatives for their members; The combination of service outsourcing and internalization, such as the types of services provided by social organizations and industry organizations for farmers or agricultural enterprises.
China's diversified agricultural service system is gradually taking shape, mainly as follows: the government-led agricultural service has gradually changed from a single service model in the past to a variety of services such as direct service provided by the government, service purchased by the government, and service provided by the market; Agricultural services dominated by the market (that is, operating through the market mechanism) are expanding in the field of service products and services; Agricultural services led by social organizations (such as universities, scientific research institutions and non-profit organizations) have made great progress in the breadth and depth of services; What is particularly prominent is that with the continuous improvement of farmers' cooperative organization in China, agricultural services led by farmers' cooperatives and agricultural industrial organizations are showing a good development momentum. Judging from the development pattern of agricultural service systems in various countries and their relationship with farmers' interests, the agricultural service system with the internalization of farmers' cooperative organizations as the core should become the focus of diversified agricultural service system construction in China at this stage. To this end, the opinion put forward that "measures such as financial support and credit support should be taken to speed up the cultivation of agricultural business service organizations, carry out pilot projects for the government to purchase agricultural public welfare services, and actively promote cooperative, trusteeship and order-based services", which has been effectively deployed.
To establish a diversified agricultural service system with farmers' cooperative organizations as the core, we need to grasp three relations at present. First, grasp the mutual promotion relationship between the cultivation of new agricultural business entities and the construction of new agricultural service system. Farmers' cooperative organizations are both demanders and providers of agricultural services. Therefore, at this stage, we should focus on the standardized development and quality improvement of farmers' cooperative organizations in order to establish a balanced relationship between supply and demand of agricultural services. The second is to grasp the relationship between agricultural service outsourcing and internalization. That is to deal with the relationship between market-oriented services and non-market-oriented services. To this end, we must first accelerate the development of agricultural industrial organizations and enhance the internalization service function of industries through the reform of government institutions and the transformation of functions; Secondly, it is necessary to promote the standardized and joint development of farmers' cooperatives through relevant system reform and innovation, explore the establishment of multi-level farmers' cooperatives integrating production cooperation, supply and marketing cooperation and credit cooperation, enhance the service function of farmers' cooperative organizations, and expand the depth and breadth of agricultural services. The third is to grasp the relationship between fairness and efficiency of government agricultural public services. Providing agricultural public services is the function of the government and the embodiment of the government's policy of supporting agriculture. Therefore, whether the government provides agricultural public services directly or by purchase, it should reflect the fairness and inclusiveness of the service targets and should not be discriminatory, but at the same time, it should also pay attention to the efficiency of agricultural public services and strengthen the efficiency evaluation of public services. Therefore, on the one hand, we should clearly define the concept and beneficiaries of agricultural public services; On the other hand, it is necessary to establish and improve the operation system and evaluation system of agricultural public services, attach great importance to farmers' reflection on the quality of agricultural public services, let farmers participate in the performance appraisal of various agricultural public services, and continuously improve the timeliness, pertinence, accuracy and stability of government agricultural public services.
Third, build the management mechanism and interest mechanism of agricultural vertical integration.
Vertical integration of agriculture reflects the level of agricultural industrialization management, which is the key to whether farmers can share the value and benefits of the whole agricultural industrial chain. To promote the vertical integration of agriculture, the key point is to build two mechanisms, one is to build a management mechanism suitable for the vertical integration of agriculture, and the other is to build an interest mechanism of relevant subjects in the vertical integration of agriculture.
The process of agricultural vertical integration is essentially the process of "one after another" of agriculture, or the process of agricultural vertical integration. Complete vertical integration means that the whole agricultural industrial chain will be internalized into business entities, which is almost impossible for small farmers, even enterprises. Because the ideal management mechanism or governance structure of primary, secondary and tertiary industries are different, primary agriculture is suitable for family management and cooperative management, and secondary agriculture is more suitable for company management and enterprise management. Therefore, complete vertical integration means that an organization will face a very complex governance structure and high governance costs. The ideal way of agricultural vertical integration should be to organically link the relevant operating mechanisms and their operating entities. Specifically, effective vertical integration of agriculture is to organically combine the mechanisms of family management, cooperative management, company management and industry coordination, and then play their respective advantages and integration efficiency in different links of vertical integration of agriculture. The significance of this integration mode lies in ensuring the efficiency of organizational system and operational mechanism in the process of agricultural vertical integration, that is, whether farmers can benefit from the process of agricultural vertical integration.
Finding the path and method of agricultural vertical integration does not mean that farmers can benefit from the process of agricultural vertical integration. On this basis, it is necessary to establish a profit-making mechanism for relevant business entities, especially farmers. Moderate agricultural scale management, farmers' organization and the organic combination of family management and cooperative management are the necessary prerequisites for farmers to participate in and benefit from the vertical integration of agriculture, but there must be other institutional arrangements and innovations.
First, introduce the shareholding system on the basis of the agricultural cooperative system. For example, farmers can invest in shares, set up joint-stock cooperatives, enter the secondary and tertiary industries of agriculture in the form of joint-stock cooperative system, and directly obtain the income from operating the downstream of agriculture. Alternatively, farmers can lease or take shares in contracted land and form joint-stock cooperative enterprises or agricultural companies with industrial and commercial enterprises investing in agriculture to obtain corresponding factor income. The idea of "encouraging farmers to develop large-scale planting and breeding industry, agricultural product processing industry and rural service industry through cooperation and alliance, and launching pilot projects for farmers to invest in farmers' cooperatives and leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization with land management rights" is the concrete embodiment of this spirit. However, to implement this opinion, there are still many legal and operational problems to be solved. For example, whether the discount of land shares should be included in the total investment of cooperatives or enterprises, whether land shares are limited to farmers' contracted land, and how farmers should bear the responsibility when cooperatives or enterprises go bankrupt need to be solved through pilot demonstrations. Farmers' professional cooperative law, rural land contract law, property law, guarantee law, inheritance law and other related laws also need to be revised and improved.
The second is to encourage industrial and commercial enterprises (capital) to enter the suitable field of agricultural vertical integration and establish a win-win mechanism with farmers. The so-called fields suitable for industrial and commercial enterprises (capital) to engage in agriculture should be those where farmers' families or agricultural cooperative organizations have no advantages, such as deep processing of agricultural products, modern storage and transportation logistics, brand building and unified marketing. In recent years, many industrial and commercial enterprises in China have invested and operated agriculture, which has promoted the scale, standardization, branding and marketization of agriculture. However, many enterprises are not familiar with the management characteristics of upstream agriculture and cannot grasp the relationship between family management and cooperative management of agriculture and company (enterprise) management. They often simply replace the family management or cooperative management of upstream agriculture with the method of employee management of companies (enterprises), resulting in high agricultural labor costs and manual control costs and low operating efficiency. The alternative idea is to organically combine enterprise management with family management and cooperative management, and establish a win-win system with farmers. "Enriching and perfecting the financial incentive mechanism of leading enterprises related to agriculture, encouraging leading enterprises to provide technical training, loan guarantee, agricultural insurance support and other services for farmers, and vigorously developing the production and marketing docking mode of" one village, one product, one village, one enterprise interaction "is the answer to this question. At the present stage, financial funds should give full play to the role of "four or two" and amplify the leverage of financial incentive funds through loan interest subsidies and credit guarantees. Dig deep into the connotation of "one village, one product" and build competitive brand products according to local conditions. In this process, government departments should strengthen the overall industrial planning and avoid low-level repeated competition. By optimizing the allocation of labor, land, technology, capital and other factors, we will guide enterprises (cooperatives), village organizations and farmers to establish closer interest relations, especially to consider innovative working mechanisms, fully mobilize the consciousness of village organizations, create a good platform for village-enterprise interaction, and inject vitality into the village collective economy. In addition, through pilot demonstration, it is necessary to guide the docking between leading agricultural enterprises and base farmers to extend from simple product acquisition to the whole agricultural industrial chain such as breeding, breeding, processing, marketing and logistics distribution, so as to realize the organic combination of vertical integration and horizontal scale. All localities should make full use of the favorable opportunity to carry out the "internet plus" modern agricultural action and vigorously implement the "information into villages and households" project, make use of all kinds of agricultural e-commerce enterprises, explore the existing production and marketing convergence channels, enhance the breadth and depth of agricultural industrialization, improve the added value of products, and leave the value-added benefits of the industrial chain in the place of origin and for farmers.
The third is to deepen reform and improve the policy efficiency of agricultural transformation and vertical integration. First of all, through deepening the reform, we will break the constraints of the current rural land system, agricultural financial system and farmers' organization system on agricultural transformation and development and vertical integration. For example, it is a very good policy innovation to "guide the establishment and improvement of the agricultural credit guarantee system supported by finance nationwide, and provide credit guarantee and risk compensation for loans of grain production scale operators". It also needs to be clear that through reform and innovation, farmers have full rights to allocate, acquire and trade basic production factors such as land, capital and labor in the process of agricultural transformation and development and vertical integration. Secondly, while strengthening its support for agriculture, the government constantly improves the efficiency of agricultural policies. For example, in the process of studying and promoting the reform of agricultural subsidy system, the subsidy funds should be tilted towards new agricultural business entities such as grain farmers and family farms. In particular, it is necessary to accurately grasp the scientific connotation, reasonable boundary and relationship of new agricultural business entities such as family farms and farmers' cooperatives, strengthen the supervision and risk prevention of industrial and commercial capital leasing agricultural land, improve the accuracy and efficiency of financial support funds, and prevent organizational alienation, distortion of management system and damage to farmers' interests. In addition, according to the characteristics of resource endowments in different regions and the actual development of regional agriculture, we should support and promote the effective development of agricultural scale operation according to the principle of moderation and the multi-type paths of agricultural scale operation, avoid reducing the efficiency of resource utilization and management due to improper agricultural scale operation and simplified forms, and earnestly safeguard the interests of farmers. (Huang Zuhui)