fish
Features: aquatic animals (can only live in water). The skin is covered with scales and belongs to warm-blooded animals. A warm-blooded animal with fins (which can swim in water) breathes through its gills. In vitro fertilization is mainly ovoid, but also viviparous and ovoviviparous. There are many kinds of fish, which are mainly divided into two categories: cartilage: sharks are characterized by tough skin, tiny scales, no swim bladder, asymmetric caudal fin, five pairs of gills and no gill cover. Examples of hard bones: characteristics of rays: bones are hard bones, and there are many mucous glands on the skin, which are covered with bone scales and have swim bladders.
batrachians
(Amphilia) Features: It needs to spend its infancy in the water. It has a skeletal structure adapted to land, with limbs, moist skin and many glands. The body has no scales and body hair. The tongue is forked, inverted and can extend outward. fish
Mating and fertilization are carried out in water. Larvae breathe through gills, while adults breathe through skin, inner wall of mouth and lungs. Classification of Amphibians: Anura: Toad Features: It has a skeletal system adapted to land life, and its body, trunk and limbs are split. The forelimb has four toes, and the hind limb has five toes and webbed toes. The hind limbs are suitable for swimming and jumping, but the main respiratory organs are the inner wall of the mouth and the skin. There is a tail example: salamander features: a skeletal system adapted to land life, and a slender body.
reptile
Characteristics: terrestrial animals. Skin is covered with scales or shields, and water is lost. They belong to temperature-changing animals (their body temperature is changed by external temperature or heat source). They are mainly distributed in warmer areas of the earth. They are fertilized, oviparous or viviparous in vivo. When laying eggs on land, the eggs are wrapped in waterproof shells. Reptiles are classified as follows: Tortoise features: hard shell, upper and lower jaws. However, it has a horny sheath. It lays eggs and can be divided into terrestrial, aquatic or marine organisms. An Boda's example: Cobra features: no limbs, shoulder straps and sternum, no active eyes, face and external ear holes, a forked tongue at the end, strong elasticity and scaly skin. It can swallow prey larger than its own body diameter. The organ of this snake is ready for specialized growth, and its left lung has degenerated. A snake will shed its skin regularly to keep it growing.
bird
Features: The whole body is covered with feathers, the body is streamlined and has a horny beak. The eyes are on both sides of the head, and the neck is long and flexible, which can turn 270 degrees. The forelimbs are specialized into wings, and the hind limbs have scaly skin and four toes. Warm-blooded animals (they can generate heat through their own physiological processes, and they can maintain a high and constant body temperature even if the outside temperature is very low). The average body temperature is about 10 degrees higher than that of mammals (. The skin is thin and soft, which is beneficial to the strenuous exercise of muscles. (2) vigorous metabolism and constant body temperature. Persistent high body temperature promotes the speed of metabolism in the body. Constant temperature reduces the dependence of animals on external temperature conditions and gains the ability to move and survive at night in the polar continent. (3) The nervous system and senses are developed. Birds have developed brains, cerebellums and midbrains. The cerebral hemisphere is larger, which is mainly due to the increase of striatum at the bottom of the brain. In birds, the striatum is an advanced part of sports management, and it is also related to some complicated living habits. Experiments show that after a part of striatum is removed, its normal excitement and inhibition are destroyed, vision is affected, and courtship and nesting habits are lost. Birds have underdeveloped cerebral cortex and developed cerebellum, which is related to the coordination and balance of bird flight movements. (4) Having perfect breeding methods and behaviors (nesting, hatching and brooding). 2. Classification of Birds (1) The main characteristics of the flat-chested suborder are: strong hind legs, flat chest, no keel process and no flight ability; Feathers are distributed all over the body, and there are no feather areas and bare areas. Feather branches have no hooks, so they don't form feathers. Common species are ostriches and chicks. (2) The medium and large birds of Penguina have a series of characteristics to adapt to diving life. The forelimbs are fin-shaped and suitable for paddling. Scaly feathers (depending on short feather axis and narrow feather) are evenly distributed on the body surface. The tail is short, the legs are short and move to the back of the body, and there is a bun between the toes to adapt to swimming life. When walking on land, the body is almost upright and swings from side to side. The subcutaneous fat is developed, which is conducive to maintaining body temperature in cold areas and water. The bone is heavy and has not expanded. The sternum has a well-developed keel-like process, which is related to the forward stroke. Swim fast. The distribution of this use is limited to the southern hemisphere. The representative is the emperor penguin. (3) The breastplate usually has developed wings and is good at flying. The keel suddenly reaches, and the last 4 ~ 6 coccygeal vertebrae heal into one coccyx. Generally, it has an inflatable skeleton, and normal feathers develop well to form feather pieces. The body surface is divided into feather area and bare area. Most males have no mating organs. There are many kinds of birds in this category. For the convenience of research, we can discuss their groups from two aspects. On the one hand, it is divided into seven ecological types according to ecological types: swimming birds, wading birds, quail chickens, pigeons, climbing birds, raptors and songbirds. Birds: Beaks are flat, wide or pointed, legs are short and webbed, and wings are strong or degenerate. Wading birds: long and thin beaks, long feet and toes, undeveloped fins and strong wings. Quail chicken: the peck is short and powerful, the claws are strong, and the wings are short and round. Pigeons and pigeons: short beak, wax film at the base, short and healthy feet and developed wings. Crawler: The beak is hard, the feet are short and healthy, the toes are right and the wings are developed. Raptor: beak is strong and hooked, foot is strong, claws are pointed and hooked, wings are strong and good at flying. Songbirds: Beaks are different, feet are short and thin, and wings are developed. On the other hand, according to the characteristics of morphological structure, it is divided into several purposes to study. The following are some common purposes. Pelodiformes: move forward everywhere, with a complete poof in the middle; The beak is hooked and has a well-developed laryngeal sac. Young birds belong to late birds and swimming birds, such as cormorants. Crane orders: long neck, long beak, long legs, three toes in front and one behind, and four toes in the same plane. Young birds belong to late-maturing birds, involving birds, and the common species are egrets. Zoology: the mouth is flat, the carapace is thickened, and there are comb-like protrusions on the edge; Legs are short and backward, toes are three in front and one in back, webbed between toes, and wing mirrors are often found on male wings; Male birds have mating devices; Young birds are early birds and swimming birds. Common species are swans and wild ducks. Hawkiformes: the mouth has a pointed hook, developed claws and strong flying ability; Sharp vision, raptors and chicks are all late birds. Common species are kites, kestrels and golden eagles. Chicken shape order: strong; The beak is short and conical; Short and round wings, good at walking; The male bird has a crown of meat on his head and bright feathers; The behavior during the breeding period is complex, and quail chickens and young birds belong to early adult birds. Such as brown eared pheasant, golden pheasant with red belly, etc. Crane order: beak is long, neck is long, legs are long, toes are three in front and one in the back, webbed between toes is underdeveloped, and the position of hind toes is high, which is not on the same plane as other three toes. Young birds are early birds, involving birds. Common species are red-crowned crane and gray crane. Pigeon: short beak with wax film; Four toes in the same plane, short feet, healthy, good at walking; The crops are developed, and the chicks are late-maturing birds or early-maturing birds, which are pigeons. Common species are pigeon, grouse and so on. Owls: powerful beak and claws, hooked; The head is big, the eyes are big and forward, and the feathers around the eyes form a face plate; Ear holes are large, with ear feathers and keen hearing; The fourth place can be reversed; Young birds are late-maturing birds, raptors. The main species are long-eared owls and short-eared owls. ? Shape: the mouth is conical, suitable for pecking wood; The tongue has a long horny hook; Toes are two front and two back; Young birds are late-maturing birds, and they are climbing birds. Common species such as spotted woodpecker. Passeriformes: sound tube and sound bone are developed; Toes are in front and behind, on the same plane, suitable for nesting. Young birds belong to late adults and songbirds. Common species are larks and house swallows.
mammal
Features: there is a spine connected by many vertebrae in the body; Full of hair, chewing and digesting with your mouth can improve the intake of energy and nutrition; Viviparous (except platypus and echidna), breastfeeding; Constant temperature. It can also keep the body temperature relatively constant when the environmental temperature changes, thus reducing the dependence on the external environment and expanding the distribution range; The skull is bigger and the brain is quite developed, which surpasses other animals in intelligence and adaptation to the environment; The inner limbs are strong and sensitive, and have the ability to move quickly; The left and right ventricles of the heart are completely separated; Teeth are divided into incisors, canines and buccal teeth. Mammalian classification 1. The main feature (1) is covered with hair and has the ability to move quickly on land. Hair is unique to mammals, and mammals generally change their hair twice a year: spring and autumn. Molting is the adaptation of mammals to seasonal changes. (2) oral chewing and digestion. The digestive tract is highly differentiated, with developed digestive glands and diversified digestive enzymes. Mammalian teeth are divided into incisors (incisors), canines (canines) and molars (molars). The type and number of teeth is one of the bases of mammalian classification. (3) The body temperature is constant and the dependence on the environment is reduced. mammal
(4) It has a highly developed nervous system and senses and strong coordination ability. Mammalian nervous system is characterized by the enlargement of brain and cerebellum, the aggregation of nerve cells and the thickening of cortex. Wrinkles (grooves and rings) appear on the surface. (5) During viviparous and lactation, the survival rate of offspring is high. Protozoa are characterized by laying eggs with shells (such as platypus); Post-mammalian characteristics have no real placenta, and young children develop in nursing bags (such as kangaroos); Real mammals are characterized by placenta, which is produced after the fetus is fully developed, accounting for the vast majority of mammals and divided into fourteen categories. Insect-eating animals (such as moles); Scales (such as pangolins); Chiroptera (such as bats); Rabbits (such as rabbits); Rodents (such as mice and porcupines); Toothless (as anteater); Carnivorous (such as lions, dogs, pandas); Pinnipeds (such as sea lions, seals, walruses); Manatees (such as manatees); Cetaceans (such as dolphins and whales; Long nose (example: elephant); Dentopods (such as zebras and rhinoceroses); Artiodactyla (such as hippo, cow, pig, deer, camel); Primates (such as orangutans, monkeys, humans); For example, a lion. Characteristics: It belongs to Carnivora. It is a large mammal with retractable claws, good at jumping, well-developed canine teeth and good at ambushing other animals. Example: Elephant Features: It is the largest land animal in existence. Its ears are wide and flat, its nose is long, it can help to eat, its body hair degenerates, and its soles have thick elastic tissue pads to support its weight. Its upper incisors are particularly developed and grow outside the body. Its food is mainly plants. Used to dig ant nests. It has no front teeth, a tubular snout and a sticky tongue, and can be attached to termites. Its tail is long and hairy. It lives in grasslands and swamps, is good at swimming, and feeds on termites and ants. For example, the characteristics of bats: specialized forelimbs, special phalanges, thin and tough wing membranes between phalanges and body sides and hind limbs, used as flying organs. The hind limbs have claws, and you can live upside down. Sternal process. A few people eat fruit. For example, the characteristics of dolphins: marine mammals are also freshwater species. Dolphins belong to toothed whales. Their bodies are linear, their necks are difficult to distinguish, and their cervical vertebrae heal. Their heads are pointed and long, and they have endoplasmic dorsal fins. Their forelimbs are specialized into wide paddles. They have no hind legs, long tails and horizontally forked tail fins. For example, the characteristics of apes: their thumbs are opposite to other fingers and suitable for climbing.
invertebrate
Characteristics of protozoa: single-celled animals, with very simple body structure, can eat, move, reproduce and die. Very small animals that can only be observed with a microscope inhabit fresh water, sea water or body fluids of other animals. Such as amoeba. Mollusca Mollusca is a very successful biological category with various shapes, including all "shellfish" animals, octopus and squid. Some live at the junction of salty fresh water or fresh water, and some are terrestrial. Features: The body is soft, unsegmented and symmetrical, and the dorsal cortex extends downward to form the mantle, covering most of the body. Mollusks' shells are secreted by epithelial cells in the mantle. Most mollusks have one or two shells, such as snails and clams. Others degenerate into the inner crust and hide in the mantle. Like cuttlefish. Some kinds of shells disappear completely, such as gymbranchia. Worm features: soft body, divided into links, each link has a pair of excretors. Such as earthworms and nereis. Soft and round bodies are parasitic in animals or plants, such as roundworms and pinworms. Arthropods Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, with the most kinds of movements, accounting for about 85% of all animal species. Living places include sea water, fresh water, mountains, air, soil and even animals and plants inside and outside the body. The main features are: the two sides of the body are symmetrical, and the body is segmented, but some body segments are merged into special parts, such as the head and chest. Some arthropods, such as spiders, further fuse their heads and chests into heads and chests. The appendages of the body, such as feet, tentacles and mouthparts, are segmented. The body wall is hard and mainly composed of chitin. It is also used as an exoskeleton. Arthropods need to molt many times during the growing period because the body wall is hard and hinders growth. The sensory system is very developed. There are two kinds of eyes, one is monocular and the other is compound eye. In addition, there are organs of touch, taste, smell, hearing and balance, and many insects also have special vocal organs. The respiratory system of arthropods is quite diverse, and it can be used on the body surface. Branch (aquatic) and trachea (terrestrial) breathing. Spiders and other animals breathe with their lungs. Classification of arthropods: crustaceans: shrimp, crab. Spider: Spider, scorpion. Insect: butterfly, biped: centipede: I spent a lot of time and energy looking for animal species and photos, but I think it's worth it. Because I saw a lot. I found it interesting and learned a lot about animals. I also learned that zoologists classify animals according to their different characteristics and living habits. The largest terrestrial animal is the extinct Tyrannosaurus Rex, now the largest is the elephant, and the smallest is the amoeba that can only be seen with a microscope. I also learned that amphibians grow in water when they are young and live on land when they grow up. I once classified some animals as the same kind. Now I know it's a second kind of animal. I also found that everything we eat is biological, and all animals eat biological things. Most animals are useful to us, but because of our capture and killing, many animals are on the verge of extinction, especially mammals. In order to balance the ecology of nature, we should not cut down trees at will, but care for nature. Don't kill animals. Because all animals are living animals like humans. 42 phyla 1 protozoa in the animal kingdom are all single-celled animals, which are the most primitive animals, among which we are familiar with euglena and paramecium. Nematode is a simple parasite in the body, with few recorded species; Invertebrates are rhomboid-like animals; Porphyra is also known as the phylum spongiosa. Sponges are primitive multicellular animals; Up to now, Platycladus orientalis has been monopolized by an animal, filariasis, which has to be obeyed. 6 ancient cup animals, as the name suggests, "ancient" means that such animals have become extinct, and "cup" means that they look like cups; 7 coelenterates here are hydra, jellyfish, anemones and corals. You are familiar with them, so don't say much. 8 Ctenomedusa is also classified as coelenterata, called Ctenomedusa; There are worms, trematodes, tapeworms and other parasites that we often hear about. 10 marine benthos of Tabanidae, with cylindrical or long capsules; 1 1 Tongue worms are "blood-sucking" parasites, and their taxonomic status is still difficult to determine; 12 Micrognathus is a newly discovered animal in 1994, and people know little about them. 13 is similar to animals, and its phylum is slightly higher than that of platyfauna; 14 Gastropoda is very small, living in fine sand in shallow water, and people don't know much about it. 15 Nematoda is a huge family, and there are many ascaris in people's stomachs; 16 Gastropods are animals with cilia on the ventral surface of the body; 17 rotifer phylum is very small, similar to protozoa; 18 linear phylum is a kind of nematode-like animal; 19 branchlets are marine benthos living in cold water near the poles, with few recorded species; 20. The phylum Kissing Animals is similar to the phylum Gilldragging Animals; 2 1 Echinocephala is an animal with a kiss at the front of its body; 22 A new phylum of armored animals, 1983, has just been discovered, and there is no accurate classification yet; Small mossy animals in the inner door of anus; 24 Arthropods Earthworms, leeches, Nereis ... all have chain-shaped bodies. Needless to say? 25. Newly discovered animals of Cirrhostoma; Starfish is similar to the above-mentioned insect-eating animals; Mollusks contain a large number of common animals, which I will explain in detail later; Leptospira is extinct; 29. CAMBRIAN shrimp, etc. ; 30. A strong animal class of Tardigrada, which can tolerate high temperature, absolute zero, high radiation vacuum and high pressure; 3 1 claw-shaped fauna, which looks like worms, has cylindrical feet and claws at the end, and is almost extinct; Arthropods account for more than two-thirds of the species in the animal kingdom, and this huge family will be introduced below; amphibian
33 brachiopods Sometimes you will see some fossils similar to shells on street stalls, which are left by such animals; 34. The external anus once belonged to the same door as the internal anus, called bryozoa, but now it has been separated. 35. There is also a very small door, that is, there are only 10 species of animals, all of which are marine benthos. 36 archaea was extinct in the Big Bang 530 million years ago, and it was only discovered in recent years. Echinoderm is a familiar family, including starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber and sea lily. 38. A non-parasitic animal of Brachionus, which has no mouth and digestive tube and lives in the deep sea, has a controversial taxonomic status. There are only two kinds of insect-eating animals, distributed near the Baltic Sea, which are considered as flatworms and mollusks. There are only about 50 species of Chaetognathus, which are still marine animals. 4 1 Hemichordates are worms, and some people classify them as chordates; All vertebrates in the phylum Chordata. Reproduction and development Almost all animals have some kind of sexual reproduction. Mature individuals are diploid or polyploid. They have some special germ cells, which produce smaller swimming sperm or larger resting eggs after meiosis. Sperm and eggs will combine to become fertilized eggs and develop into new individuals. Many animals can also reproduce asexually. This may occur in parthenogenesis (mature eggs are produced without mating) or in some cases through cleavage. The fertilized egg will develop into a small ball at first, called an embryo, where it will recombine and differentiate. In the sponge, the embryo will swim to a new position and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, embryos undergo more complex recombination. Embryos are initially nested to form gastrula with digestive cavity and two independent germ layers-ectoderm and endoderm. In most cases, there is a mesoderm in the middle. These germ layers then differentiate into various tissues and organs. Most animals use the energy of sunlight indirectly to grow. Plants use sunlight to convert monosaccharides in a process called photosynthesis. At first, it was carbon dioxide and water. After photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight was converted into chemical energy bound in glucose, releasing oxygen. These sugars are then used as building materials for plant growth. When animals eat these plants (or eat other animals that eat plants), the sugar produced by plants will be used by animals. These sugars are either directly used to help animals grow, or they are decomposed to release stored solar energy for animal activities. This process is called glycolysis. Animals living in deep-sea hot springs and cold springs near the seabed do not rely on solar energy. But archaea and chemically synthesized bacteria form the basis of the food chain.
The slowest growing animal
The slowest growing animal is the deep-sea mussel that lives in the North Atlantic. It takes 8 mm to grow 100 years.
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Classification system is a hierarchical system, which usually includes seven main levels: species, genera, families, orders, classes, phylum and boundary. Species (species) are the basic units, related species, related genera, families, genera, orders, orders, classes, phylum and phylum. With the deepening of research, the classification level is getting higher and higher, and sub-units can be attached above and below units, such as superfamily, subclass, superfamily, suborder, suborder, suborder, superfamily, subfamily and so on. In addition, you can add new companies, such as stocks, groups, families, groups and so on. Among them, the most permanent is the family, which is between subfamily and genus. Usually species are classified, and animals have only subspecies.