Fig. 10-5 schematic diagram of the genesis of black chimney and its mound sulfide hydrothermal sedimentary rocks.
Hydrothermal sedimentation began with the study of submarine hot spring activity and modern submarine mineralization, and most of the research results are mainly concentrated in marine facies, especially marine "black smoke" hydrothermal sedimentary rocks (i.e. submarine "black chimney") (Rona, 1986, 1993, 2002; Humphries et al.,1995; Russell,1996; Haarbach et al., 1998, 2002; Zierenberg et al.,1998; Fouquet,1999; Chardt, 2003; Koschinsky et al., 2007; Zhou et al; Xue,1997; Bao et al., 2007; How, 2007; Zhang Zhibin et al., 2007), more than 40 black chimneys and their mound-shaped sulfide hydrothermal sedimentary rocks have been found in the ocean floor (Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Red Sea) and the western Pacific back-arc basin (Figure 10-5), and most of the "black smoke" hydrothermal sedimentary rocks are located in 1000 ~. The tectonic environment includes mid-ocean ridge, back-arc basin, intraplate seamount, pull-apart basin, transform fault and rift valley. It occurs in surrounding rocks such as basalt, felsic volcanic rocks and deep-sea turbidite. Marine "white smoke" hydrothermal sedimentary rocks are mostly found and studied abroad, such as siliceous rocks, albite rocks, potash feldspar rocks, barite rocks and hydrothermal secondary dolomite or saddle-shaped hydrothermal dolomite (Davis et al.,1998; Wright et al., 2000; Boni et al., 2000; Tritlla et al, 2001; Haarbach et al., 2002; Canet et al., 2003; Reyes et al., 2006; Shikazono et al., 2006; Luczaj et al., 2006; Peng Jun et al.,1999; Yang Fuquan et al., 2004; Feng Shengbin et al., 2007; Yang Ruidong et al., 2007; Peng Runmin et al., 2000, 2004).
The research results of continental hydrothermal sedimentary rocks at home and abroad are relatively few. For example, foreign land "black smoke" hydrothermal sedimentary rocks are found in only three places. One is the "black chimney" and the discovery of its metal sulfide (Crane,1991; Shanks, 1992), another in Pemba and Banza, two modern hydrothermal vents in the north of Lake Tanganyika in East Africa, also found black chimneys and their related metal sulfides (Tiercelin, 1993), and the other in the geyser-Clear Lake in northern California, where there are hot water deposits and sulfide deposits related to gold and mercury (Sherlock
In recent years, there are only sporadic reports on the study of terrestrial "white smoke" hydrothermal sedimentary rocks abroad, mainly focusing on tuff, silica and related hydrothermal sediments at the bottom of lake Tanganyika, East Africa (Barrat et al., 2000), and the late Pleistocene hydrothermal silica sediments at Lake Baringo in the middle of Kenya Rift Valley (Renaut et al., 2002). Tepp silica chimney in the lake taupo Rift near the Taupo Volcanic Belt (TVZ) (Ronde et al., 2002), "chimney-shaped" amorphous silica hydrothermal ejecta at the bottom of Lake yellowstone lake in Yellowstone National Park, USA (Guidry et al., 2003), hot water deposits exposed to hot water asphalt in the western Mexico (Valle et al., 2005), and hot water deposits exposed to hot water asphalt in the western Mexico.
Continental "white smoke type" hot water sedimentary dolomite was found in only one place (Al-Aasm, 2002, 2003), that is, saddle dolomite (hot water sedimentary dolomite) developed in Devonian strata of sedimentary basins in western Canada, which belongs to the hydrothermal solution formed by mixing brine of Middle Devonian with radioactive basement fluids related to tectonic activities, and led to the formation of hot water sedimentary dolomite by dolomitization of most carbonate rocks in Devonian and Mississippi sub-period. This so-called continental hydrothermal sedimentary dolomite is only the result of hydrothermal metasomatism and filling related to fault tectonic activities, rather than the product of classical direct precipitation by hot fluid ejected from the sea/lake bottom.
According to the data, there are few discoveries and studies on continental hydrothermal sedimentary rocks in China. Only terrestrial travertine-type hydrothermal sedimentary rocks containing gold, uranium and pyrite are developed in Tengchong, western Yunnan (Xiao et al., 1994), and siliceous rocks developed in Lincang germanium deposit in western Yunnan are also considered as terrestrial hydrothermal sedimentary siliceous rocks (Qi et al., 2003). There are many reports and in-depth studies on typical lacustrine "smoky" hot water sedimentary rocks, such as the Paleogene "smoky" hot water lead-zinc mine in Jinding, Yunnan (Wang et al., 1998) and the Bainiuchang silver-hot water polymetallic mine (Wang et al.,1998; Zhu Chaohui et al., 2006), there are siderite sericite associated with Ag-Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn hydrothermal sedimentary deposits in Dajing Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn fault lake basin in linxi county, Inner Mongolia (Liu Jianming et al., 200 1), and there are silver polymetallic deposits in Jiulongwan, east of Daqing Mountain, Inner Mongolia (Xu Jiuhua et al., 2006), which are consistent.