Traditionally, Peru is a country based on agriculture and mining. Its economic level is in a middle position among Latin American countries. Peru is rich in mineral resources, and it is one of the 12 largest mineral countries in the world. Oil can be completely self-sufficient Drugs and dollars have an important impact on Peru's economy. After President Fujimori took office, he actively carried out the economic stability plan, comprehensively adjusted the economic structure, controlled hyperinflation, and achieved the goal of returning to the financial system. However, at present, the economy is still difficult, with a shortage of funds and weak investment. These problems are difficult to solve at present.

In Peru's presidential election from 65438 to 0995, Fujimori won 64% of the votes. After Fujimori came to power, the parliament occupied by traditional politicians and the corrupt judiciary seriously hindered the implementation of his reform plan. In view of this situation, he took decisive measures, ordered the dissolution of parliament, reorganized the political and legal departments and state power institutions, established a unicameral constitutional assembly, and adopted a new constitution. Fujimori made two great achievements in his first term: curbing inflation and revitalizing Peru's economy; Calm domestic violence, fight terrorism and achieve social stability. The government has the unanimous support of the whole country, and social and political stability is a favorable condition for foreign capital to enter Peru. On June 5438+065438+ 10, 2000, Fujimori was dismissed from the presidency by the National Assembly because of the corruption scandal involving the cronies of senior government officials. Fujimori also stayed in Japan, but social and political stability is expected to continue.

2. Economic and trade relations with China

197 1 year1kloc-0/month 2 China and Peru established diplomatic relations. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, relations between the two countries have developed smoothly. The cooperation and exchanges between the two countries in the political, economic and other fields are going on normally. In June 165438+ 10 of the same year, the Peruvian Minister of Electricity and Mining visited China, and the two countries signed an economic and technological cooperation agreement; 8 1972 signed a trade agreement. During Fujimori's first presidency, senior officials of the two governments maintained close contact. Since 1990, Qian Qichen, Vice Premier of the State Council, China, Wang Hanbin, Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), Zhu Xun, Minister of Geology and Minerals, Zhu Lilan, Deputy Director of the State Science and Technology Commission, Lu Ruihua, Vice Governor of Guangdong Province, and Zhu, Vice Minister of the International Liaison Department have visited Peru successively. Since 199 1, Peruvian President Fujimori, Air Force Commander Velarde, First Vice President and Senate President San Romá n and Defense Minister Torres have visited China successively.

China-Peru economic and trade development is good. The two countries established an intergovernmental "Mixed Economic and Trade Committee", and held a meeting of the China-Peru Mixed Economic and Trade Committee 1 in Lima, Peru, in April 1992. In June, 1992, 1 1, Capital Iron and Steel Company participated in the auction of Peruvian iron ore company, and won the bid with1.200 million dollars. However, in recent years, its operating conditions are not good, especially the labor relations.

3. Policies to encourage foreign investment

Peru implements the policy of encouraging foreign investment, and attracting foreign investment is an important part of the current Peruvian government's economic policy. In improving the investment environment, the Peruvian government first formulated the foreign investment law. Peru's Foreign Investment and Technology Committee approved the detailed rules for the implementation of foreign investment, technology transfer and patent and trademark licensing, which came into effect immediately. The main provisions on foreign investment are as follows: ① Intangible property can be used for investment. (2) There are no restrictions on the amount of foreign investment, its proportion in the company's capital composition and business scope, unless there are specific restrictions by special laws. (3) Shares owned by Peruvian legal persons or natural persons can be freely transferred to foreign investors without restrictions and without the prior approval of the Foreign Investment and Technology Commission. However, it should be registered after the transfer. (4) If the restrictions on the remittance of dividends and profits from Peru are lifted, there is no need to require the prior consent of the Foreign Investment and Technology Committee. ⑤ Investment is no longer required to be approved in advance, but it still needs to be registered after investment. Give foreign investors the same rights as domestic companies and open all economic fields to foreign investment. ⑦ Foreign investors can remit all their capital and dividends abroad without the approval of any government department. When dividends are remitted, the tax rate is 10% and the royalty rate is 28%.

Peru's foreign investment laws and regulations are one of the most liberal in Latin American countries, which broke through the scope of Andean Group resolution 29 1 and recognized not only foreign direct investment, but also indirect investment.

In order to encourage foreign investment, Peru is carrying out several reforms: ① reforming foreign trade institutions. In order to highlight the position of foreign trade in Peru's national economy, the government has adjusted its foreign trade institutions, stopped the business activities of foreign trade associations and handed over its functions to the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism Integration. The purpose of this adjustment is to strengthen the functions of government foreign trade agencies, improve work efficiency, overcome bureaucracy and reduce intermediate links to meet the needs of international competition. (2) relax restrictions on foreign investment and absorb foreign investment to the maximum extent. For example, from the previous strict restrictions on foreign banks' opening in China or investing in certain industries (such as oil and computers), the restrictions on the remittance of foreign profits have been basically lifted. (3) Abolish foreign exchange control, implement free convertibility and freely float the exchange rate. This measure has reduced people's worries and promoted the return of funds. (4) Implement a free market economy and reduce state intervention in the economy. Specific measures include liberalizing prices, canceling subsidies, privatizing state-owned enterprises, reducing the burden on the state and implementing equal competition.

1From May 26th, 1992 to119941October 25th, Peru privatized its mining sector, and * * * auctioned seven large mining companies at the market price (among them, the Peruvian steel company was acquired by China Shougang Company). Now, foreign companies can directly purchase existing mines (including facilities) and participate in new projects through equity participation. The recently privatized Peruvian state-owned mining companies mainly include Condestable (copper, 1992), Yero Peru (iron ore, 1992), Cerro Verde (copper, 1993), Yintaiya (copper, 1994) and Centro. So far, Minero Peru's stock sales revenue has exceeded $654.38 billion.

Only 5% of Peru's mineral reserves have been confirmed. The government is determined to completely revise mining-related laws to improve the mining investment environment, and promulgated a new mining law in 1992. 1May, 1996, new regulations on mining cadastral management were promulgated. The new law promulgated by the Peruvian government is regarded as the most encouraging law in South America, which guarantees the rapid acquisition of mineral rights. As long as the holder of the mining right pays the annual lease fee of $65,438+$0 to $4 per hectare of land (called the mining right concession fee), this right is permanent and irrevocable. Obviously, mining right is a transferable property right. Mine owners have extensive freedom to arrange the amount and time of investment, and can decide whether to put into production by themselves. At the same time, there is no restriction on operating its products abroad or at home, and any foreign currency obtained in the sales process can be handled freely. Only the profit distribution of business activities is taxed. The total tax payable shall not exceed 37% of the distributable income. When the investment is not less than USD 2 million, the tax, foreign exchange and commercial terms will remain unchanged for 65,438+00 years, and when the investment is not less than USD 20 million, it will remain unchanged for 65,438+05 years.

Industries that restrict investment

For foreign investors to apply for mineral exploration and development activities such as oil and natural gas, the law allows them to invest in a franchise manner within 20 years. However, foreign investors are prohibited from investing in mines, land, forests, waters, oil and energy within 50 kilometers of the border.

About the proportion of investment

Peru has clear regulations on the proportion of domestic and foreign investment in enterprises. Its provisions are mainly manifested in two aspects: increasing the proportion of domestic capital and limiting the proportion of foreign capital. According to the law, if foreign-funded enterprises want to enjoy the preferential treatment stipulated in the Andean market liberalization plan, they must gradually transform foreign-funded enterprises into domestic-funded enterprises or joint ventures within 15 years, that is to say, the proportion of domestic capital should be gradually increased. The law also stipulates that the proportion of domestic investment in newly established enterprises must gradually exceed 50%. The proportion of domestic capital in the old enterprises that have been operated must reach above 15% after 3 years, 30% after 5 years, 45% after 10 years and 5 1% after 5 years. However, the above provisions do not apply to basic industries and financial, transportation and communication enterprises, as well as enterprises and tourism enterprises whose export exchange rate is above 80%.

When foreign investors invest in commercial banks, the maximum investment ratio allowed is 1/3.

In addition, according to the provisions of presidential decree 1988 10.22, foreign debts can be converted into shares. Suitable for medium and long-term public debt and short-term liquidity. The purpose of this is to expand new projects and existing export projects.

Raise local funds

Peru does not allow foreign-funded enterprises to raise long-term funds at home, but they can raise short-term funds and medium-term funds for no more than three years.

Remittance and reinvestment

The provisions of Peruvian law in this regard are formulated according to different situations.

Provisions on the remittance of profits and dividends.

According to the law, the amount of profits and dividends remitted by foreign investors in 1 year is limited to 20% of their registered capital in the Foreign Investment Committee.

Provisions on remittance of domestic raw materials used by foreign-invested enterprises.

According to the law, foreign-funded enterprises that use domestic raw materials and contribute to local economic development can increase the remittance amount according to the proportion of exports, up to 20%. There are three provisions on the conditions for increasing remittances and the amount of remittances that can be increased: ① Determine the growth rate of remittances according to the growth of exports. According to the law, if the export rate of export enterprises increases by 10%, the remittance rate can be increased by 1%, up to 7%. ② Determine the remittance growth rate according to the proportion of foreign-funded enterprises using domestic raw materials. If the proportion of domestic raw materials is 50% ~ 65%, the remittance rate can be increased by1%; If it is 65% ~ 80%, the remittance rate can be increased by 3%; If it exceeds 80%, it can be increased by 5%. ③ Determine the remittance growth rate according to the regional development. According to the development of each region, Peru divides the whole country into six types, and determines the remittance rate according to the regional type. At present, the growth rate of Lima-callao remittance to poor areas is 0 ~ 0.8% respectively.

Provisions on remittance of basic industries.

In order to encourage foreign investors to invest in basic industries, the law stipulates that if the export rate of basic industries such as oil and minerals reaches 80%, all profits can be remitted. The profits of tourism enterprises can also be remitted in full.

4. Business management policies

To start a company in Peru, the procedure is relatively simple, but the following conditions are required: ① having a fixed office address; 2 personal identity documents (temporary residence permits are also acceptable); ③ A joint-stock company (S.A.) should have at least 3 shareholders, and a limited liability company (LTD)2) 2 should have 2 shareholders. The registered capital is unlimited. Applicants with the above three items can submit a written application to different administrative departments for industry and commerce, and get the tax payment certificate, which will be approved soon.

The procedure for foreign investors to invest in Peru is also very simple. As long as foreign investors submit a written application to the Foreign Investment and Technology Commission, obtain a tax payment certificate and register, they will soon be approved and get an investment certificate. This proves that investors can remit profits abroad.

Peru attracts foreign investment by first investing in the development of natural resources, such as oil, minerals, fisheries and agriculture.

Regarding the financing of foreign-funded enterprises, Peruvian law stipulates that foreign-funded enterprises may not raise long-term funds in Peru, but they may raise short-term funds and medium-term funds not exceeding three years.

5. Tax system

Peru's Industrial Law No.23407 abolished the industrial classification in Law No.23407. 18350 and the policy of giving tax incentives according to different types of industries, that is, the basis of giving tax incentives in Peru's industrial law is no longer the nature of industries, but the geographical location of enterprises, with the aim of encouraging investors to develop poor areas outside Lima-callao. There are the following types of taxes in Peru:

(1) income tax

The scope of income tax in Peru includes net income from real estate in Peru, income from providing personal services in Peru and dividends received by natural persons and legal persons who have settled in Peru. In order to determine the net income of foreign companies, the tax law stipulates that all expenses paid in Peru and the expenses needed to create income and protect resources should be deducted from the total income. Patent fees, technical consulting fees, interest and wages paid to non-residents can be regarded as deductible expenses as long as the payee has paid taxes in Peru.

Income tax is paid on a monthly basis, and the tax rate is 32% ~ 57%, with final adjustment every year. Profits of branches are taxed at the rate of corporate tax. The tax rate for revaluation and appreciation of fixed assets is generally 6%, but it should be adjusted according to the price index at that time. The remuneration for services received by companies registered in Peru abroad shall be taxed at the rate of 40%. Dividends paid to foreign companies must be deducted from their income by 40%, but if the domestic tax rate of the company that receives the income exceeds 30%, the deduction rate can be reduced to 30%. Dividends paid to domestic companies or individuals are taxed at the basic income tax rate. Interest paid to foreign creditors, corporate bonds and other bearer securities shall be deducted from income by12%; Interest on loans paid for development purposes and foreign interest paid for investment and construction of factories in Peru shall be taxed at the rate of 10%; Interest payment on foreign loans registered with the Central Reserve Bank is tax-free; After deducting 32% of patents, trademarks and technical consulting fees paid in advance to foreign companies, the remaining 68% is subject to 40% income tax, that is, the effective tax rate is 27.2%.

(2) Business tax

The general commercial (sales) tax rate in Peru is16%; Daily necessities are exempt from business tax, but luxury goods are subject to additional tax 10% ~ 1 16%. Law No.23407 stipulates that companies located outside Lima-callao are exempt from 80% business tax in 1 year, 60% in the second year, 40% in the third year and 20% in the fourth year. However, products imported from third countries other than the Andean Group that can be produced by members of the group do not enjoy this preferential treatment.

(3) Mining tax

The new law promulgated by Peru 199 1 ensures that mine owners can obtain mining rights as soon as possible. If the owner pays the tax according to the regulations (per hectare 1 ~ 4 USD per year), the mining right can be changed permanently. When the output and investment are verified, this tax can be reduced or exempted as appropriate. The new law also stipulates that only the profit distribution of mining companies from business activities shall be taxed at a rate of no more than 37.5%, and the value-added tax of raw materials used in the production process shall be refunded. For companies with an investment of not less than US$ 2 million, tax and other business rules will remain unchanged for 10 years.

Peru implements a preferential tax policy for foreign investment. Peru's tax incentives for foreign investment are mainly manifested in the following aspects:

(1) preferential treatment for enterprises in Lima-callao area.

According to the law, all enterprises established in Lima-callao area can enjoy preferential tax reduction and exemption, of which the income tax can be reduced by up to 60%.

(2) give preferential treatment to enterprises held in other areas (except remote and dense forest areas)

The income tax can be reduced to 90% at most. In addition, newly established enterprises that expand exports and adopt advanced technology and equipment can enjoy the income tax and enterprise asset tax relief of 20% ~ 100% in 15, and those established outside lima province can enjoy the income tax and enterprise asset tax relief of 40% ~ 60% in 15.

When enterprises move from Lima-callao area to other areas, they can enjoy preferential treatment of 40% ~ 100% reduction or exemption of income tax and enterprise asset tax for 3 ~ 7 years according to different areas (including border and dense forest areas). In addition, the sales tax of 15% can be deducted from the tax.

(3) Give preferential treatment to enterprises located in border and dense forest areas.

You can enjoy all kinds of income tax relief. Including existing and future new taxes. If an enterprise moves out of Lima-callao area, it can be exempted from paying enterprise asset tax, various sales taxes and some optional consumption taxes for a period of five years.

In addition, if a foreign investor invests in the mining industry with pure profits, he can mortgage the company tax for three years, and the company tax rate can be reduced or exempted1/3 during the period of recovering the additional investment funds; Foreign investment in tourism can enjoy substantial tax reduction and exemption, and if it is reinvested with after-tax profits, the highest tax can be exempted from 100%.

(4) Preferential treatment for import and export

Foreign-funded enterprises established in dense forest areas can enjoy preferential tax reduction and exemption when importing specific commodities. Product export enterprises can enjoy preferential treatment of exemption from business tax when importing means of production, and 40% of export output can be exempted within 2 years. In addition, when the amount of means of production imported by an enterprise is equal to the export amount, the import tax can be exempted for a period of five years.

6. Finance

The current government has revoked the "relevant regulations on bank nationalization" implemented by the previous government. Gold is allowed to buy and sell freely, and natural persons and legal persons are allowed to freely hold and use foreign currency in China, and bring foreign currency into and out of the country.

Peru has not only a stock exchange in Lima, but also a national securities commission, which is responsible for managing the issuance and trading of securities. Peru's company law stipulates that all companies established by public offering of shares must register their shares with the securities commission, and they are obliged to submit written explanations to the relevant institutions on the following situations: the privileges and preferences granted by the company to the founders, shareholders and third parties, the types and parity of shares, the term and conditions of subscription, the address of the credit institution that pays the subscription fee for the subscribers, and the articles of association and detailed rules of the company. The Company Law also stipulates that a company with a capital of over US$ 654.38+million and a turnover of over US$ 20 million must provide the tax authorities with a balance sheet, general ledger, ledger, sales records, memoranda of the board of directors and shareholders' meeting, records of shareholders and stock transfers, and certificates issued by independent auditors. Companies with a turnover of more than $50 million are required to publish their balance sheets in official Peruvian newspapers every year.

There are 4 national development banks, 1 mortgage banks, 1 financial development companies, 2 1 commercial banks, 1 foreign banks and 2 multinational banks in China.

7. Foreign exchange management system

Foreign investors are allowed to remit their profits, share transfers and other income abroad in freely convertible foreign exchange, and natural persons and legal person residents are allowed to freely hold, use and control foreign currency in China. Peru has no restrictions on foreign currency carried by inbound and outbound passengers.

Peru's Detailed Rules for the Transfer of Foreign Investment, Technology, Patents and Trademarks, which came into effect on March 199 1, removed the restriction of Law No.23407 on the profit remittance of foreign-funded enterprises, and stipulated that the profit remittance of foreign-funded enterprises did not need CONITE's approval. Foreign-funded enterprises can not only freely control any foreign currency in their sales revenue, but also freely buy and sell in the foreign exchange market.

For foreign credit contracts between the parent company and its subsidiaries or subsidiaries of the same parent company, Peru's financial law stipulates that the actual annual interest rate of the loan shall not exceed 3% of the current interest rate of the primary securities in the financial market of the fund-providing country. As for other types of foreign credit contracts, the real interest rate of loans must be determined by the relevant Peruvian institutions according to the market conditions of the other financial market. The effective interest rate can be understood as the total cost paid by the debtor to use foreign loans, including commissions and other expenses.

Foreign exchange transactions can be conducted in foreign currencies other than USD 15, and the exchange rates of these foreign currencies are determined according to their arbitrage against USD in the international market.

199 1, allowing companies and natural persons to hold foreign exchange balances. There is no provision for forward foreign exchange transactions in Peru. Foreign currency accounts can be set up in domestic banks.

1961February 15, Peru officially accepted the obligations stipulated in the second, third and fourth paragraphs of Article 8 of the Fund Agreement.

(1) foreign exchange management institutions

The foreign exchange exchange is determined to be responsible for buying foreign exchange from residents and non-residents, executing checks, selling foreign exchange to foreign tourists and buying back foreign exchange from non-residents.

Government-guaranteed public sector borrowing from abroad and private sector borrowing from abroad must be recommended by the Foreign Debt Committee and approved by the Supreme Decree. Public departments must declare their short-term liabilities to the General Administration of Public Debt, especially since June 1983 65438+ 10, enterprises must submit their annual short-term external debt plans to the General Administration of Public Debt.

(2) foreign currency settlement currency

All foreign exchange markets must use one of 15 convertible currencies as their operating currency, but the Central Reserve Bank of Peru can only issue foreign exchange securities in US dollars. Payments between Peru and Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominica, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela must be made through accounts held by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru and other central banks, as well as the multilateral clearing system in the Latin American Integration Agreement.

(3) Trade foreign exchange management

Export Revenue Management Traditional export commodities must be financed by an irrevocable letter of credit confirmed by a Peruvian bank.

(4) Non-trade foreign exchange management

Non-trade foreign exchange income is not subject to foreign exchange management.

Except for public debt and interest payments, almost all non-trade foreign exchange payments are not subject to foreign exchange control.

Tax formalities should be handled for profit remittance. Foreign investment in Peruvian oil companies must sign special contracts with the Peruvian government.

199 1 canceled the restrictions on foreign exchange purchases for business travel, sightseeing, education subsidies, family support, medical care, etc. There is no restriction on the remittance of foreign exchange income of foreign workers. The tax of $30 for traveling abroad has been abolished.

(5) Capital export and input management

Peru has no restrictions on capital remittance, including installment repayment of unsecured private debt.

Short-term trade loans obtained from banks without signing an agreement to exchange new debts for old debts may be extended to maturity after signing the agreement. The local currency funds used for these debts are deposited into a special account of the Central Reserve Bank according to the maturity date of the original debts. With the permission of the Central Reserve Bank, the funds in the special account can be lent to China at the foreign exchange price, but the term cannot exceed 1 year.

New foreign investment must be registered with the Foreign Investment and Technology Commission. If a foreign company registered in Peru wants to get the tax-free treatment stipulated in the Cartagena Agreement, it must allow Peruvian state investors to acquire the shares of its company, so as to turn the company into a joint venture or a state company with Peru within 30 years. Therefore, in the first three years, the shares of state investors in such enterprises should not be less than15%; /kloc-After 0/0 years, the shares shall be increased to at least 30%; At least 45% after 20 years; At the end of the 30-year period, it will reach at least 5 1%. A joint venture company refers to a company with a capital of 565,438+0% to 80% held by state investors, and a state-owned company refers to a company with a capital of more than 80%.

Investment in the mineral sector is regulated by the General Law on Mineral Management as amended by Law 708. The government allows minerals to enjoy special tax treatment and guarantees foreign exchange.

(6) Administration of import payment of foreign exchange

For raw materials and intermediate products imported for export, the law stipulates that such imported goods must be approved by specific departments, and those that meet the conditions of temporary access system can be exempted from import duties. Except for a few special circumstances, the value-added tax of 16% must be levied on imported goods according to the CIF price of imported goods (except import tax). Some agricultural products, some mineral products, fuels, medicines and articles for personal use (including motor vehicles equivalent to 0.2 cubic meters) are exempt from value-added tax. The highest rate of import tariff is 25% of the import price.

In 199 1, the unlimited prepayment authorization for all imported goods has been approved. Laws and regulations on pre-inspection by international companies at the loading port have also been promulgated.

8. Foreign trade management and policy analysis and evaluation

1990 Since August, the Peruvian government has lifted the import restrictions. Except for a few commodities, no import license is required for the import of other commodities. At the same time, imported live animals, fish products, crustaceans, software, fresh milk, raw coffee, tea, seeds, fruits and ordinary medicines sold in Peru are exempted from general sales tax, and there are no special restrictions on the export of Peru by the general countries.

9. Ecological environment management

Foreign investors must pay attention to environmental protection. 1990 In September, the Peruvian government promulgated a strict national law on environment and natural resources. 611).19910 In June, Peru issued resolution 637-9 1CG, which formulated a set of specific implementation measures. The formulation and implementation of this law reflects the Peruvian government's attention to the environment, the public and business circles' concern for environmental protection and their support for controlling environmental pollution.

According to the current laws and regulations, most engineering projects need to submit environmental impact reports in advance, especially in the construction, oil and gas exploration, mining, fishery, forest development and petrochemical sectors, and production and construction must be carried out in strict accordance with the procedures prescribed by law. Relevant environmental reports must be approved by the competent government departments.

Regarding the control of water pollution, the law stipulates that it is forbidden to dump solid, liquid or gas pollutants into rivers, lakes and other waters. Water used for mining and energy must be treated after treatment. The law also restricts the treatment of various waste liquids according to different situations. The treatment of industrial pollution in public drainage system must be approved in advance.

The law stipulates that air pollution and noise pollution should be restricted. Some municipal authorities have also taken corresponding measures to solve the problem of automobile exhaust emission in their respective regions. All open-pit mines must also take measures to prevent or control air pollution during mining.

The storage place of waste shall not be less than 500 meters away from various water bodies. Dumping waste into the sea must meet the relevant standards of the United Nations. The import of toxic wastes and chemicals is prohibited by law.

Penalties for violating environmental laws and regulations are more severe. Serious violations can be punished by up to 8 years' imprisonment or a huge fine (equivalent to 1500 working days' income).

Analysis and Evaluation of Tariff Policy

Peru has carried out two tariff reforms in recent years: lifting import restrictions and drastically reducing tariffs.

For a long time, most countries in Latin America, including Peru, have imposed import restrictions, such as the import quota system, the list of priority imports and the list of prohibited imports, and the import license system. In addition, various non-tariff measures such as exchange rate, shipping and commodity inspection are used to strictly restrict imports.

Before Fujimori came to power, Peru's import tariff was 25% ~ 1 10%, and many other commodities, such as grain and oil, etc. Controlled by the state, the import license is issued every year to control the import volume.

1August, 990, after Fujimori came to power, the Peruvian government lifted import restrictions and allowed all commodities except a few commodities to be imported. At the same time, the government has also reduced tariffs, simplifying various tax rates into three categories, which are used for the import of the following three different commodities: ① Commodities that cannot be produced or are under-produced in China, such as basic food, medicines, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment, spare parts, etc. Its tax rate is the lowest, 15%. ② The tax rate of some raw materials and intermediate products such as chemical raw materials, native products, cotton and rubber is 25%. (3) The tax rate for manufactured goods, luxury goods and goods competing with domestic products is 50%.

1991March, the Peruvian government announced the reduction of tariffs again, and the tax rates were further simplified to 15% and 25%. 1990 The tax rate for a class of commodities announced in August remains unchanged at 15%; The tax rate of the second category of commodities has been reduced from 25% to 15%, which has been reduced to the level of the first category; The third category of goods is divided into two parts, and its tax rate is reduced from 50% to 15% and 25% respectively. The goods whose tax rate has been reduced from 50% to 15% mainly include: various automobiles and spare parts, computers, generator sets, multiphase motors, machine parts, switchboards, cables, enameled wires, sockets, switches, hardware, glass, paper, sandpaper, pigments, varnishes, buttons, zippers, breeding animals, etc.

The commodities with the tax rate reduced from 50% to 25% mainly include household appliances, household hardware products, stoves, lawn mowers, bicycles, toys, musical instruments, pencils, ballpoint pens, glasses, cosmetics, soap, shoe polish, various fabrics, ready-made clothes and footwear.

According to statistics, there are 43 19 commodities, and the tax rate is 15%, accounting for about 82% of all tax items. There are 950 commodities with a tax rate of 25%, accounting for 18% of the total tax items.

Lower tariffs will be imposed on special areas, remote inland areas and some products that are urgently needed for the time being.