Large class is the last year of kindergarten, the turning point of children from kindergarten to primary school, and the turning point of children from game stage to learning stage. How to help children get through this change better, we must first understand the age characteristics of children.
1, physical and motor development
The brain weight of children is about 75% of that of adults at the age of 5, and about 90% of that of adults at the age of 6. The structure of the brain is quite mature, and the process of cortical excitation and inhibition is further strengthened, but it is still not balanced enough, and excitation is stronger than inhibition. The flexibility of movements is enhanced, and you can skillfully do big muscle movements, such as jumping on one foot and playing with balls and ropes in various ways. Improve balance, climb, slide, etc. The fine motor function has been greatly improved, the wrist and fingers can be controlled freely, and some tools such as scissors and hammers can be used flexibly; Fine parts of the shape can be squeezed out of the mud.
2. Cognitive ability
I have no intention of paying attention to further development, and I can focus on sensory activities for a long time. Intentional attention has certain stability and consciousness, and the concentration time can be extended by about 15 minutes, which has a preliminary sense of task. The purpose of observation has been improved. Be able to actively observe the changes of things of interest around you, such as bud trees and silkworm tadpoles, and master some observation methods. The intention of memory has been obviously developed, and I can actively remember what I have learned or the tasks assigned by adults. Abstract logical thinking begins to sprout, which can be preliminarily summarized and classified according to the essential attributes of things, and can analyze and understand the relative relationship between things. They have a strong thirst for knowledge and exploration. In order to use some materials and tools to operate and do scientific experiments, they often ask questions such as "what is this", "why" and "how to do it", eager to seek scientific answers. Like thinking and creative activities, such as guessing. 3. Language development
Children aged 5-6 can tell clearly and independently what they have seen and heard. With the development of speech, the relationship between images and words has gradually changed in children's thinking. The use of words has been strengthened, all sounds can be pronounced clearly, and the coherence of the language has also been enhanced. They have gradually got rid of the shackles of appearances and images and started to become thinking tools. Internal speech is gradually formed on the basis of soliloquy, and the regulating effect of speech on behavior is gradually developed. The vocabulary has increased rapidly. The ability of speech expression is obviously improved, and things can be described clearly, continuously and evenly with expressions, which is vivid and vivid. Be able to communicate with peers and adults, and be able to express personal views and opinions confidently. When I begin to be interested in the conformity of words, I will create my own imaginary words, read books independently and professionally, and my understanding ability will be continuously enhanced. 4. Social development
Initial development of self-evaluation ability. When others' comments are inconsistent with their own feelings, they will raise objections and argue. Most children have relatively stable hobbies and friends. Self-control ability is enhanced, one can initially control one's external performance, and one's awareness of rules is enhanced, and one can gradually abide by the behavior rules formulated by the collective. Enhance the sense of cooperation, initially control their own external performance, enhance the sense of rules, and gradually abide by the rules of conduct formulated by the collective. Strong sense of cooperation, able to play games with a group or several companions and complete certain tasks. Self-discipline awareness is enhanced, showing a certain sense of responsibility and persistence in labor.
5. Artistic expression
The desire for artistic expression is enhanced, and I like to express my knowledge and feelings in various ways. With the enhancement of music perception and expression ability, I can feel and express several different styles of music or dance through my own imagination, and I have certain creative ability. Can use all kinds of materials and auxiliary tools for artistic creation, and can appreciate different styles of artistic works.
6. Self-evaluation ability develops gradually.
After the age of 5, children's personality characteristics have obvious manifestations, the most prominent of which is the development of children's self-awareness. The development of children's self-awareness in this period is mainly reflected in the ability of self-evaluation. Children's self-evaluation has developed from compliance evaluation to independence evaluation. They no longer trust the comments of adults. When adults' evaluation is inconsistent with children's self-evaluation, they will plead. At the same time, children's self-evaluation began to develop from individual evaluation to various evaluations, such as; Children in large classes will say "I can sing and dance, but I can't draw" when evaluating themselves.
7. Emotional stability and intentional growth
Although the mood of 5-and 6-year-old children will still change due to the influence of external things, their emotional stability has begun to increase, and most children have relatively stable good friends in the class. Children began to consciously control the external expression of their emotions, such as being able to endure not to cry when falling down and hurting. At this time, the emotions generated by social needs also began to develop; For example, I feel uneasy when my performance or work is ignored. When they are asked to take care of young children, they will be very conscientious. 8. Self-care ability and labor ability have been significantly improved.
At this stage, children are more independent in self-care than before. They can choose clothes that suit them, eat with chopsticks and sleep quietly without affecting others.
Children in the late pre-school period have been able to separate labor from play, take a serious attitude towards labor, care about the results of labor, and initially understand the social significance of some labor: they like to participate in adult labor, and they will sweep the floor, clean the table and tidy up their own supplies at home. In kindergarten, I can do some planting, feeding, and labor on duty. I show a certain sense of responsibility in my work. 9. The sense of cooperation has gradually increased.
In the interaction, children of this age began to have a sense of cooperation. They will choose their favorite playmates and play cooperative games with three or five children. They gradually understand the principle of fairness and the necessity of observing collective agreements, and can also introduce and explain the rules of the game to other partners. For example, in a small stage performance game, several children can assign roles and props together, and they can express themselves with words and actions, with a certain degree of cooperation.
10, rule consciousness gradually formed.
Children in large classes gradually form a sense of rules, and begin to learn to control their own behavior and abide by some collective rules, such as putting away toys after the game, raising their hands when speaking in class and so on. Children in the late big class especially like regular games, such as sports games and board games. Children often "gang up" on behaviors that violate the rules in activities. However, children's understanding of the rules in this period has not reached the level of self-discipline. Rules are still external to children, therefore, children will behave themselves in the practice of rules.
Materials are squeezed into various shapes, etc. You can also use brushes and pencils correctly for simple art activities. 12, love learning and have a strong thirst for knowledge.
Children in the late pre-school period have a positive attitude towards the world around them. Not only do they like to ask, "What is this?" I also want to know: "How?" "What is it made of?" Children often ask such questions: "Why does the moon follow me? Why can fish swim in the water? " "How can people in the TV walk and talk?" Some children like to open toys and explore the mystery. Children begin to be interested in the origin of natural phenomena and the principle of mechanical movement, and are eager for scientific answers. 13, get a preliminary understanding of the hidden causality in the surrounding world.
5, 6-year-old children, can start from the internal hidden reasons to understand the emergence of various phenomena. For example, when explaining that table tennis rolled down an inclined building block, he said, "Table tennis is round. The building blocks are inclined, and the ball will roll when it is put on. " It shows that children have been able to find the reasons for table tennis rolling from the relationship between the shape and position of objects, that is, the relationship between "circle" and "tilt". However, due to the complexity of causality of surrounding phenomena, even at the age of 5 or 6, children's understanding of causality of different phenomena is impossible to be consistent, and it is difficult to understand the unfamiliar complex causality in daily life. 14, which can be classified according to the attributes of the surrounding things.
With the development of abstract logical thinking, 5-and 6-year-old children can begin to make a preliminary general classification according to the essential attributes of things, such as classifying cats, rabbits and pigs with fur and four legs raised by people as livestock. However, due to the limitation of knowledge, language and abstract generalization level, children's grasp of the concept of class at this stage is still relatively elementary and simple, and they can't grasp all the precise meanings of the concept, and they also lack the ability to make higher-level abstract generalization. Therefore, it is inevitable that children will make some mistakes in concept extension when summarizing and classifying. For example, some children can only generalize livestock and poultry as animals and exclude insects from animals. 15 can describe things vividly.
5 or 6 years old is the period when children's language expression ability is obviously improved. They can not only describe what they have seen and heard in their lives systematically, but also describe things vividly and emotionally. In the conversation with adults and peers, the self-centered expression gradually decreases, and the conversation content can be adjusted according to other people's words. The ability to look at pictures and tell stories has also been significantly improved. Children imagine the psychological activities of characters according to the contents of pictures when telling stories. Flexible and diverse language expressions; And try to be different. However, children at this stage still have individual differences in language generalization ability and logic of language expression.
16, reading interest has been significantly improved.
Children in large classes are not only interested in reading, but also can read extensively and intently for a long time, and have a strong understanding of the content. In addition, they became interested in writing. They will be very excited when they see the Chinese characters they know in books or advertising signs. They often pester adults to teach them to read. They have a high enthusiasm for literacy and a strong memory. They often write crooked Chinese characters on paintings? In the next semester of the big class, the children get together to read books and read the words in the book in confusion; Reading has become a great pleasure for them.
17, with strong creative desire.
Due to the development of small muscle motor skills and dexterity of hands, children's ability to operate objects has been greatly strengthened, and more and more children like all kinds of changeable toys that can satisfy their imagination and planer desire. They can focus on exploring various operational possibilities of objects for a long time. Several people will cooperate to build familiar landmark buildings, such as Yangpu Bridge and Oriental Pearl TV Tower. Children aged 5 or 6 are also interested in writing children's songs. They will add nursery rhymes to their paintings and handicrafts. In sports activities, they often come up with unique ways of playing.