The origin of paralympic games
Paralympics started in 1948 after World War II. At that time, Sir Ludwig guttman, a British neurosurgeon, and some celebrities who are enthusiastic about the cause of the disabled organized a wheelchair athlete (mostly a World War II veteran with spinal disability) competition during the 1948 London Olympic Games, which was called the Stoke mandeville Games.
1952, Dutch veterans also joined the Paralympic Games, so the International Federation of Stoke mandeville Games (ISMGF) was established, and the International Paralympic Games was held in Stoke mandeville, England for the first time. At that time, only 130 athletes from two countries participated. After that, the event was fixed, and the international Stoke mandeville Games was held every year. By 1959, eight international games for the disabled have actually been held.
After two years' careful planning by Sir Ludwig guttmann of Britain and Professor antonia Mario of Italy, two weeks after the end of the 1960 Rome Olympic Games, 400 disabled athletes from 23 countries participated in the first Paralympic Games held in Rome. This Games was later officially recognized as the 9th International Stoke mandeville Games. It was not until 1984 that the IOC officially approved the name of "Paralympic Games".
In the Paralympic Games, according to a set of pre-established classification and grading standards, athletes with different disabilities and degrees participate in different categories and levels of competitions.
From 1964, the IOC decided that the country hosting the Summer Olympic Games would host the Paralympic Games, but the venue might not be the same city. Until 1988, the International Olympic Committee made a new regulation that the Summer Olympic Games and Paralympic Games must be held in the same city.
1982, the International Coordinating Committee of the World Sports Organization for the Disabled was established, and the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the sports management body for the disabled. The events set up at the Paralympic Games need its approval.
As time goes by, disabled sports need stronger international organizations. From 65438 to 0989, with the active support of the International Disabled Sports Foundation, six organizations under the International Coordinating Committee for Disabled Sports (ICC) jointly established the International Paralympic Committee. The main tasks of the IPC are to form an organization representing disabled athletes internationally, to grant disabled people the right to host the Olympic Games, to supervise and assist the Olympic Games, to expand opportunities for disabled people to participate in sports and improve their sports performance, and to integrate disabled people's sports into international sports.
On June 9, 2000, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee reached a new agreement: starting from the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 20 10 Winter Paralympics, the Paralympics will not only be held in the same city after the Olympic Games, but also use the same stadiums and facilities.
Popular science of winter paralympic games
Para Biathlon
The whole race is 6~ 15km, each lap is 2.0~2.5km, and freestyle skiing is 3 or 5 laps. During this period, athletes must hit the shooting target beyond 10m, and each mistake will be punished to increase the total route time. The most important factor is the ability to switch between physical endurance and shooting accuracy in the game. Visually impaired athletes are assisted by sound signals and rely on signal strength to indicate when to shoot.
According to the skiing distance and disability category, there are 18 events in the Paralympic Biathlon of Beijing Winter Paralympic Games, including 3 men's sitting positions, 3 women's sitting positions, 3 men's standing positions, 3 women's standing positions, 3 men's visually impaired and 3 women's visually impaired, which will be held at the National Biathlon Center in Zhangjiakou Division.
Wheelchair Curling
This project is the official project of the Winter Paralympic Games, with high technical content. Wheelchair curling athletes must sit in a wheelchair to participate in the competition, and the competition adopts the same rules as healthy people. The only difference is that the wheelchair curling competition does not brush ice, and the pot thrower must throw the pot in a fixed wheelchair. In addition to throwing the pot by hand, he can also throw the pot by hanging the pot throwing rod above the pot.
The competition is a curling mixed team competition, and the number of gold medals is 1. Each team must have 1 female athletes. First, the circulation system is adopted, and then the page system is adopted: the top four teams enter the semi-finals, the winners of the semi-finals enter the finals, the losers enter the bronze medal competition, and finally the winners win the championship.
The wheelchair curling competition of Beijing Paralympic Winter Games will be held in Beijing Division of National Aquatics Center (ice cube).
Paralympics ice hockey
The Paralympic Ice Hockey Mixed Team Competition of the Winter Paralympic Games is equivalent to the Olympic Ice Hockey Competition. The athletes who take part in this sport are all athletes with lower limb disabilities. During the game, there were 6 players from each side, and the game was divided into 3 games, each game was 15 minutes, and the intermission was 15 minutes. If you score a goal, you will get 1 point, and whoever scores more will win. They used sledges instead of skates. The tip of the club is used to push the sled and hit the ice hockey with the paddle-like end.
The Beijing Paralympics has a Paralympic ice hockey mixed team event, 1 gold medal. The competition is divided into two groups, the top two in each group enter the semi-finals, the team that wins the semi-finals enters the finals, and the winner of the finals wins the championship.
The Beijing Paralympic Winter Ice Hockey Competition will be held at the National Stadium.
Para Alpine Skiing
Like alpine skiing in the Winter Olympics, alpine skiing in the Paralympic Games is a sport widely carried out all over the world. Athletes need to master speed and agility at the same time to complete the competition, and the speed can reach about 100 km/h when going downhill.
There are five disciplines for alpine skiing in Beijing Paralympic Winter Games, namely: downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom, giant slalom and all-around. Each subject is divided into three categories: standing posture, sitting posture and visual impairment. Men's and women's events are the same, and they are all 30 sub-events.
Beijing Paralympic Winter Games The Paralympic Alpine Skiing Games will be held in Yanqing Division of the National Alpine Skiing Center (Xuefeiyan).
cross-country skiing
Athletes participating in the cross-country skiing competition of the Paralympic Games are divided into physically disabled and visually disabled. According to different functional injuries, athletes can ski in standing or sitting position. A pair of skis is matched with a chair on which the athletes slide. Visually impaired athletes participate in the competition under the guidance of normal vision. Male and female athletes use traditional techniques or freestyle techniques to compete in short, medium and long distances (2.5 km to 20 km) or participate in team relays.
There are 20 cross-country skiing events in Beijing Paralympic Winter Games, including 3 men's sitting positions, 3 women's sitting positions, 3 men's standing positions, 3 women's standing positions, 3 men's visually impaired, 3 women's visually impaired, 4× 2.5km mixed relay and 2 public relays, which will be held at the National Biathlon Center in Zhangjiakou Division.
Para Snowboard
Paralympic snowboarding is a competition on an artificial ski trail, which is equipped with various obstacles for jumping and turning. Only one snowboard is used in the competition.
The snowboarding competition of Beijing Winter Paralympics has set up obstacle chase and slope obstacle course (three events for men and one event for women).
The winter snowboarding competition of Beijing Paralympic Games will be held in Genting Ski Park in Zhangjiakou Division.
Where will the Winter Paralympics be held?
The fire collection ceremony of Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games was held in Tiantan Park. Eight kindling collected in Beijing, Yanqing and Zhangjiakou, together with nine kindling collected in mandeville, England, gathered into the official kindling of Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games. After the ceremony, the torch relay was held in Tiantan Park with the theme of "Nine Days of Fire".