Outstanding problems in the process of urbanization in Dongguan Since the reform and opening up, the process of urbanization in Dongguan has been steadily advanced and the level of urbanization has been gradually improved. However, in the process of building a modern city, Dongguan faces four outstanding problems: imperfect urban planning, lagging reform of rural collective property rights system, lagging urbanization behind industrialization, and fragmented rural management system. To realize the coordinated development of Dongguan, we must make overall planning, strengthen management and intensify rural system reform and innovation. Since the reform and opening up, Dongguan has formed a bottom-up urbanization road driven by rural grassroots communities, influenced by decentralized rural industrialization policies such as "staying indoors" and "staying indoors". Coupled with urban-rural mixed land use, the reform of rural household registration, land, administration and other management systems lags behind, the spatial transfer of population and non-agricultural industries lags behind non-agricultural industries, and urbanization lags behind industrialization, showing a semi-urbanization state of "village like township, township like township". Four problems in the process of urbanization in dongguan. In the process of urbanization in Dongguan, the problems are highlighted in the following four aspects: (1) The urban planning is not perfect. The urbanization development of Dongguan is a typical relatively dispersed and extensive development model based on towns, which is characterized by the infinite extension of urban scope and the disorderly spread of space. Land use planning is difficult to achieve overall coordination, forming scattered urbanization groups, and the boundaries between rural areas and cities are very vague. On the one hand, there is a strong demand for self-built properties for profit in rural areas. Influenced by the collective ownership of rural land, rural industrial development follows the land management system of agricultural production, and the number and scale of industrial workshops built in China are constantly expanding, showing a pattern of "village lights and countryside smoke", which makes it difficult to achieve industrial scale agglomeration, leading to disputes caused by unclear ownership, which is very unfavorable to the intensive use of rural land and the healthy development of rural asset trading market, and needs to be standardized and guided urgently; On the other hand, rural housing is bounded by homestead, with small building volume, broken building layout and uneconomical land use. Farmers often build new buildings without abandoning old ones, which leads to the mixed buildings, lack of planning guidance, mixed residential and industrial land, and poor living environment, and becomes a typical "village in the city". (2) The reform of rural collective property rights system lags behind in the process of rapid urbanization. A series of new "three rural" problems, such as the difficulty of land requisition in rural areas, the difficulty of continuously improving the operation efficiency of rural collective assets, the intensive disorder of rural construction and the difficulty of farmers' transfer of employment, are largely due to the fact that the existing rural management system, especially the rural collective property rights system, cannot meet the requirements of rapid urbanization. 1, the management of rural collective economic organizations is not standardized. First, most rural collective economic organizations take the form of joint-stock cooperative system. A considerable number of villages have no solidified shares, and the number of shareholders is constantly adjusted, which leads to disputes such as "marrying women outside". The shareholders of the joint-stock cooperative system are limited to the farmers in the cooperative organization, and the shares are not transferred to the outside world, which restricts the improvement of asset liquidity and hinders the optimal combination of rural capital across regions and industries; Second, the managers of economic organizations are basically limited to the cadres of the two committees of the village, and the village cadres are also the managers of village enterprises, confusing the management of social administrative affairs with the management of enterprises, which has caused a serious problem of separating government from enterprises. 2. The contradiction of land expropriation highlights that rural collective land is an important part of rural collective assets. How to compensate for the expropriation of a large number of rural land actually involves the value evaluation and circulation income of rural collective assets, which leads to a great conflict of interests between the government and farmers on the issue of land expropriation. The problem of compensation for farmers' petition for land acquisition is still serious. Especially since the State Council implemented the land market order rectification, this contradiction has become more obvious. Although the government has indirectly compensated farmers by reserving rural development land, building farmers' houses and helping farmers to buy social insurance, the problem of how to reasonably formulate compensation standards for rural collective land expropriation remains to be solved. (3) Urbanization lags behind industrialization. The rapid development of export-oriented economy has greatly changed the industrial structure and employment structure of Dongguan, but the level of urbanization is far lower than that of non-agriculture. 1, it is difficult for local farmers to become citizens. On the one hand, due to the monopoly of special lots and other factors, the collective and farmers' land rent income has greatly increased. Farmers not only get high cash income, but also the accumulation of collective funds has greatly improved the welfare and security of villagers' education, medical care, employment and pension. As a result, a large number of farmers rely on "sitting on the ground to collect rent" for a living, lacking entrepreneurial awareness and becoming "rich second generation". Coupled with the rich welfare and added value behind the local rural hukou, a large number of non-agricultural employees in Dongguan still retain their status as farmers, and some have even moved to cities. They also demanded that the registered permanent residence be transferred back, trying to share the collective welfare and enjoy the treatment of villagers, which directly led to the urbanization level of the local population in Dongguan being far lower than the local non-agricultural level. On the other hand, because the passive urbanized rural communities have maintained the characteristics of primitive rural society in terms of cultural concepts and social relations, most rural laborers have a low level of education and professional skills, and it is very difficult to enter the city for employment, which makes these "rural people" who have no survival crisis, have the quality of traditional farmers and have the economic level of urban residents lack the motivation to enter the city, further hindering the urbanization process. 2. Migrant workers are divorced from the mainstream society in cities. For a long time, the household registration system has caused many restrictions and high thresholds for migrant workers. They can only exist as "marginal people" in the city, drifting away from the mainstream society of the city. Politically, because of their "temporary residence" status, they can't exercise citizens' right to vote and be elected, and because of the lack of vertical flow channels, there is no interest spokesperson for this group at the decision-making level of the city government. Therefore, the welfare of social insurance systems such as medical care, pension, unemployment, housing system and education system in cities is out of reach with the floating population, which makes them become a group without a sense of belonging and a de facto "second-class citizen" in cities; Economically, they are also in a weak position. As a result of the "temporary residence" status of the migrants, they are generally confined to the secondary labor market in the city. The labor market with high income, good working environment, good treatment and superior welfare is limited to the local population. The gap between the rich and the poor and the isolation of living space make a large number of floating population lack social identity and become a special group outside the mainstream society of the city. (IV) Fragmented rural management system After more than 20 years of rapid development, the industrial structure of Dongguan has basically completed the process of non-agricultural structural adjustment, and the urban economy has basically taken shape, but the administrative management still follows the management ideas of villages and towns. In order to attract foreign investment and promote local economic development, the competition between towns is extremely fierce. In order to promote themselves, enhance their influence and gain a competitive advantage, they often only consider local interests, go it alone, form their own systems, independently compile master plans, and independently build public service facilities and social service facilities, resulting in infrastructure construction not reaching a moderate scale, difficult to connect in space, and insufficient functional grades, making it difficult to form a relatively complete urban water supply, sewage discharge, power supply and other infrastructure and social service systems such as commerce, science and technology, and education. According to the survey, in order to improve the investment environment and compete to improve the infrastructure and service level in Dongguan, it is difficult to achieve unified coordination even in the same town, and the phenomenon of "villages do their own things and villages do their own things" is more prominent. Second, the countermeasures for the coordinated development of urbanization in Dongguan. Rural urbanization with "village to residence" as the breakthrough point is a huge systematic project, which should be balanced and strengthened management. (1) Establish a planning system with clear positioning and complementary functions, and establish a planning system with clear positioning and complementary functions among economic and social development planning, urban planning and land planning in combination with the "four projects" implemented in Dongguan. Economic and social development planning should strengthen the function of spatial constraint and provide the basis for the preparation of urban planning. Urban planning should meet the requirements of the new round of overall planning. On the one hand, we should further improve urban infrastructure, focusing on water, electricity, gas, roads and ports, and appropriately advance infrastructure construction; On the other hand, do a good job in urban capacity, functional zoning of residential areas, industrial areas, commercial areas and green space systems within the city, and provide a basis for the preparation of land planning. The new development zones and residential areas identified in the overall planning shall be planned in detail. On the basis of planning and construction, in accordance with the standards of modern civilized communities, we will strengthen the transformation of old cities and the "village to residence" work, basically realize the apartment transformation of rural residents, promote the in-depth development of urbanization, and make the countryside a new bright spot in urban development. The practice of building rural (residential) apartments in Lincun, Da Lang, Huangjiang and Tangxia towns proves that the change of ideas is driven by interests, and with good guidance of interests, farmers quickly change from worrying and waiting to supporting. (2) Accelerating the reform of the rural collective property organization system. First, separating government from enterprises, quantifying shares and establishing a company system. Accelerate the implementation of the solidification of shares in rural collective joint-stock cooperatives, and set up village-level collective asset management companies as the main body of collective economic management, accounting independently and taking responsibility for their own profits and losses. Members of the village "two committees" will no longer serve as the legal representatives of the company, but form a board of supervisors to supervise the operation of the company. The work functions of village committees and neighborhood committees will shift to social management and community service. Second, speed up the improvement of the "direct election" system. In the short term, it is unrealistic to decouple the collective asset management from the village "two committees". What we can do now is to improve the "direct election" system for villagers. On the one hand, the villagers directly elected villagers' committees, which greatly stimulated the villagers' consciousness of being masters of their own affairs, strengthened the supervision of rural collective asset management, and promoted the democratization process of rural management; On the other hand, the "three-year term" is likely to lead to the short-term behavior of the village committee, adding more uncertainty to social stability and the long-term income of rural collective assets, and may even bring "rent-seeking" behavior to evil forces and clan forces. It is suggested that the following measures be taken: First, the term of office of each village committee should be extended to five years through the legislation of national or provincial people's congresses, which is consistent with the term of office of township governments. The second is to speed up the openness of village affairs, further refine the management of collective assets, and increase villagers' understanding of the work performance of village committees. Third, the election qualifications of village committees should be properly restricted. By taking the above measures, we will create a more stable environment for the reform of rural collective property rights system and promote the rural collective assets to obtain more long-term stable income. (3) Implement the market-oriented allocation of land development rights. The current farmers' collective land ownership is not only not conducive to the intensive management of land, but also hinders the urbanization process because of the land income distribution system. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the current land system. First of all, the market-oriented allocation of land development rights is used to replace the current administrative allocation, thus promoting the spatial agglomeration of industries and the protection of basic farmland. Drawing lessons from the theory of transferability of development right, the development right is separated from a bunch of rights, and the land development right is allowed to be transferred from the land holder in A (rich in resources but poor in development conditions) to the land developer in B (good in development conditions but limited by planning) through market mechanism. In this way, the land owner of land A has been compensated, and the land developer of land B can increase the development density of the original land and increase the economies of scale. This practice not only protects the cultivated land in A, but also promotes the agglomeration of land development in B, and it does not need to pay fees, achieving a "win-win" effect. Secondly, accelerate the circulation and agglomeration of rural collective construction land. The biggest problem involved in the establishment of land expropriation and circulation system in Dongguan is how to reasonably determine the value of rural collective land, thus providing theoretical basis for the formulation of compensation standards and circulation prices. Compared with urban state-owned land, rural collective land has incomplete property rights, and rural collective land and state-owned land should not be "in the same place, at the same price and with the same rights" for the time being. If the compensation price for land expropriation is allowed to climb to the market price of urban land, it will cause great resistance to the promotion of urbanization, which is also not conducive to regional development and the long-term interests of villagers themselves. The breakthrough of the reform is to unify the compensation standard for land expropriation and the collective land transfer price as soon as possible, so as to avoid conflicts and frictions caused by excessive bargaining between the government, farmers and land-use enterprises in the process of land expropriation and land transaction. In operation, the land department can make a unified evaluation, divide regions according to the different levels of regional economic development, and comprehensively consider many factors such as the land price of surrounding towns, the output value of crops, infrastructure investment, etc., and formulate a benchmark land price system for agricultural land and collective construction land. The land requisition compensation for public welfare projects and business projects should adopt the same benchmark land price system, but the land requisition compensation can be supplemented by reserving village-level development land, compensation and reserving land for shares, so that the rural collective economy can retain a certain proportion of land or shares in new land projects. In addition, we should actively guide the agglomeration of rural collective construction land. In the construction of industrial and commercial gathering areas, we should consider gathering scattered construction land in surrounding rural areas by replacement as much as possible, which not only reduces land acquisition, but also helps to balance the interests of governments and villages at all levels. Relevant land use approval work should speed up the formulation of special policies and norms. There is a strong interest motive in using collective land for illegal construction and trading in rural areas. If the government can't give timely guidance, the waste of social resources will be quite serious. (4) The slow progress in the reform of the household registration management system "citizenization of floating population" is ostensibly due to the obstacles of the household registration system, and the deep-seated reason is the urban-rural division system in social security, medical care, education and urban infrastructure behind the household registration system. From the perspective of the city government, the increase of population means the increase of public service expenditure and the increase of urban financial burden, so it is unwilling to accept migrant workers as citizens. For Dongguan, the reform of the household registration system is to gradually weaken the identity function of the household registration system, gradually strip off a series of unreasonable social benefits attached to the identity label of "urban household registration", and gradually realize the subjective equality of community residents. Therefore, the government should adopt the strategy of individual exclusion rather than collective exclusion, and let the floating population who meet certain knowledge and skills requirements enjoy the treatment of urban workers through a certain assessment mechanism, which is not only in line with the principle of social equity, but also conducive to the improvement of the overall quality of the migrant population.